Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: A review

Cook, R. Frank; Leroux, Caroline; Issel, Charles J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.031

Cited by 106 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 225 publications

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“…Both Nef and glycoGag associate with the plasma membrane, because Nef is N-terminally myristoylated and glycoGag is an integral type II transmembrane protein. It has been suggested previously that S2 could be myristoylated, as is Nef (6,12,15), based on the presence of a possible canonical myristoylation signal including Gly 7 and Ser 11 located five residues from the N terminus (Fig. 4D).…”

Section: S2 Requires Clathrin-dependent Vesicular Trafficking and A Cmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Recruitment of S2 at the plasma membrane therefore could be a prerequisite for facilitating the interaction with AP2 and recruiting SERINC5, following a model described in detail for Nef and CD4 (18). Intriguingly, a canonical myristoylation signal predicting that Ser 6 or Thr 6 , in addition to Gly 2 , is absent at the N terminus of S2 makes it an unusual substrate for the human N-myristoyl transferase, similar to other proteins such as the cAMP-dependent kinase (20) and another retroviral protein such as MLV Gag (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EIAV is a myeloid-tropic lentivirus that causes anemia and thrombocytopenia in horses worldwide and chronicizes into an inapparent, asymptomatic carrier stage. EIAV is a complex retrovirus that expresses the 7-KDa auxiliary protein S2 from doubly spliced mRNA (6). S2 has no homology to other known proteins, and its molecular activities remain unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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S2 from equine infectious anemia virus is an infectivity factor which counteracts the retroviral inhibitors SERINC5 and SERINC3

Chande

Cuccurullo

Rosa

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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The lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) encodes the small protein S2, a pathogenic determinant that is important for virus replication and disease progression in horses. No molecular function had been linked to this accessory protein. We report that S2 can replace the activity of Negative factor (Nef) in HIV-1 infectivity, being required to antagonize the inhibitory activity of Serine incorporator (SERINC) proteins on Nef-defective HIV-1. Like Nef, S2 excludes SERINC5 from virus particles and requires an ExxxLL motif predicted to recruit the clathrin adaptor, Adaptor protein 2 (AP2). Accordingly, functional endocytic machinery is essential for S2-mediated infectivity enhancement, and S2-mediated enhancement is impaired by inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition to retargeting SERINC5 to a late endosomal compartment, S2 promotes host factor degradation. Emphasizing the similarity with Nef, we show that S2 is myristoylated, and, as is compatible with a crucial role in posttranslational modification, its N-terminal glycine is required for anti-SERINC5 activity. EIAV-derived vectors devoid of S2 are less susceptible than HIV-1 to the inhibitory effect of both human and equine SERINC5. We then identified the envelope glycoprotein of EIAV as a determinant that also modulates retroviral susceptibility to SERINC5, indicating that EIAV has a bimodal ability to counteract the host factor. S2 shares no sequence homology with other retroviral factors known to counteract SERINC5. Like the primate lentivirus Nef and the gammaretrovirus glycoGag, the accessory protein from EIAV is an example of a retroviral virulence determinant that independently evolved SERINC5-antagonizing activity. SERINC5 therefore plays a critical role in the interaction of the host with diverse retrovirus pathogens.retrovirus | restriction factor | virus infection

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Section: S2 Requires Clathrin-dependent Vesicular Trafficking and A Cmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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S2 from equine infectious anemia virus is an infectivity factor which counteracts the retroviral inhibitors SERINC5 and SERINC3

Chande

Cuccurullo

Rosa

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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“…The antigenic expression of p26 is strongly conserved, 5 thus inclusivity, the ability of the assay to recognize various serotypes of the same biological entity, was assessed analyzing panel 7, which includes AGID-confirmed positive sera, belonging to different regions of Italy and France, collected between 1971 and 2011.…”

Section: Validation Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation according to OIE criteria of a monoclonal, recombinant p26–based, serologic competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as screening method in surveillance programs for the detection of Equine infectious anemia virus antibodies

et al. 2016

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Abstract. The Italian National Reference Center for equine infectious anemia (CRAIE; Rome, Italy) developed and validated a monoclonal, recombinant p26-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for the detection of EIA virus antibodies employing the 2010 criteria of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The following parameters were evaluated: cutoff values, repeatability, reproducibility, concordance, analytical sensitivity (Se), absolute analytical specificity (Sp), and diagnostic Se and Sp. Positive and negative predictive values were also defined in relation to the estimated prevalence. When the cELISA was used as a screening test for 96,468 samples in the Italian EIA surveillance program, 17% more EIA cases were detected than by the agar gel immunodiffusion test, and the apparent diagnostic Sp estimated from these samples was 99.8%, which was more than the diagnostic Sp (80.2%) estimated from validation. The high Se and Sp of the cELISA confirm its fit for purpose as a screening test.

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“…A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é causada por um retrovírus da família Retroviridae, subfamília Lentivirinae (Gregg & Polejaeva 2009, Cook et al 2013. O vírus da AIE tem distribuição mundial especialmente em regiões de clima tropical e subtropical, onde existe grande quantidade de vetores (Koller et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Situação epidemiológica da anemia infecciosa equina em equídeos de tração do Distrito Federal

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é uma doença causada por um lentivirus que possui distribuição mundial. Essa enfermidade é um entrave ao desenvolvimento da equinocultura no Brasil devido à obrigatoriedade de eutanásia dos animais positivos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de AIE em equídeos de tração no Distrito Federal, assim como identificar fatores de risco associados à doença. Foram sorteados aleatoriamente 350 proprietários (Unidades Primárias de Amostragem-UPA) e foram amostrados todos os equídeos (Unidades secundá-rias de Amostragem) de cada proprietário sorteado, totalizando 496 animais. As amostras sanguíneas foram analisadas no Lanagro/MG por meio da técnica de imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDGA). No momento da coleta de sangue, também foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para a análise de possíveis fatores de risco. A prevalência de AIE nas UPA foi estimada em 2,29%, (IC 95%: 1,01-4,2%) e nos animais foi de 1,81% (IC 95%: 0,55-3,07%). A prevalência foi significativamente maior em muares do que em equinos. Não foi possível comprovar a presença de nenhum outro fator de risco associado à doença. Este estudo demonstra que a prevalência da AIE em equídeos de tração é baixa no Distrito Federal, porém mais alta do que os dados de vigilância de rotina sugerem, o que justifica a eutanásia dos equíde-os reagentes, com a finalidade de promover a erradicação

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Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: A review

Cited by 106 publications

References 225 publications

S2 from equine infectious anemia virus is an infectivity factor which counteracts the retroviral inhibitors SERINC5 and SERINC3

S2 from equine infectious anemia virus is an infectivity factor which counteracts the retroviral inhibitors SERINC5 and SERINC3

Validation according to OIE criteria of a monoclonal, recombinant p26–based, serologic competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as screening method in surveillance programs for the detection of Equine infectious anemia virus antibodies

Situação epidemiológica da anemia infecciosa equina em equídeos de tração do Distrito Federal

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