Equine Grass Sickness: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Global Distribution

Wylie, C. E.; Proudman, C. J.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2009.04.006

Cited by 38 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…22 Equine botulism is caused by type B, C, and A toxins. [22][23][24][25] Fur farm animals (eg, fox, ferret, mink) seem to be susceptible to type C and type C/D toxins, but rare outbreaks due to type A and E toxins have also been reported. 22,26,27 …”

Section: Bont-producing Clostridia and Their Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further signs such us anorexia, weight loss, colic, hypersalivation, and tachycardia are common. [22][23][24][25] Horses with type C botulism may have more prominent mydriasis, more labored breathing, or less dysphagia than horses with type A or B botulism. 23 In foals, the ''shaker foal syndrome'' appears to be similar to infant botulism.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dysphagia; constipation; reduced eyelid, tongue, and tail tone; mydriasis; sluggish pupillary light reflexes; and frequent urination may also be seen. 25 …”

Section: Clinical Manifestations In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Management of Animal Botulism Outbreaks: From Clinical Suspicion to Practical Countermeasures to Prevent or Minimize Outbreaks

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Fiore

Löfström

et al. 2013

Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, an

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Section: Bont-producing Clostridia and Their Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Manifestations In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Management of Animal Botulism Outbreaks: From Clinical Suspicion to Practical Countermeasures to Prevent or Minimize Outbreaks

Anniballi

Fiore

Löfström

et al. 2013

Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, an

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“…EGS occurs most frequently in Great Britain and has also been sporadically reported in other European countries (Wylie and Proudman 2009;Protopapas et al 2012;Schwarz et al 2012) and in the United States (Wright et al 2010). A similar condition "mal seco" is regularly observed in South America and is generally considered as the same disease (Wylie and Proudman 2009). The major clinical signs, which relate to the dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, include colic, dysphagia, sweating and muscle tremors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Equine grass sickness in the Czech Republic a case report

Melkova¹,

Čížek²,

Ludvíková³

et al. 2014

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a degenerative polyneuropathy affecting postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. The major clinical signs relate to dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and the condition is frequently fatal. EGS has been reported in different parts of the world including Europe. This paper describes the first case of equine dysautonomia in the Czech Republic. The ante mortem diagnosis was based on typical clinical signs and a positive phenylephrine eye-drop test and was confirmed at necropsy following observation of pathognomic histopathological lesions in the enteric neural system of the ileum. Equine grass sickness (EGS), also known as equine dysautonomia, is a degenerative polyneuropathy affecting the autonomic and enteric nervous systems and some lower motor neurons in the central nervous system (Hahn et al. 2001). The condition affects grazing equids and is largely fatal. EGS occurs most frequently in Great Britain and has also been sporadically reported in other European countries (Wylie and Proudman 2009;Protopapas et al. 2012;Schwarz et al. 2012) and in the United States (Wright et al. 2010). A similar condition "mal seco" is regularly observed in South America and is generally considered as the same disease (Wylie and Proudman 2009). The major clinical signs, which relate to the dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, include colic, dysphagia, sweating and muscle tremors. EGS can be classified according to the duration and severity of the clinical signs as the acute, subacute or chronic form (Hudson and Pirie 2005).The purpose of this report is to describe a clinical case of equine grass sickness in a horse born and kept in the Czech Republic, outside the typical region of occurrence of this devastating disorder. Case descriptionA nine-year-old Standardbred mare was examined by a private practitioner because of an acute onset of fever, weakness, patchy sweating and lethargy. Muscle fasciculation and trembling developed four days later. The mare was used for pleasure riding and kept at pasture with other horses. None of the other horses showed clinical signs of illness. The affected mare had been in a suboptimal body condition for more than one year. The mare was treated with procaine penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and flunixin meglumin for seven days. The general condition of the mare deteriorated despite treatment and the animal was referred to the clinic.At the time of presentation the mare had a poor body condition (BCS 2/9) and was depressed and weak. She showed a tucked-up abdomen and a base-narrow stance. Muscle fasciculations were observed in the flank region and in the triceps and quadriceps muscles. Patchy flank sweating was also noted. Clinical examination revealed a mild tachycardia (46 beats/min), slightly elevated rectal temperature (38.3 °C) and a respiratory rate

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“…Cattle with pica tend to chew on cadavers and bones in order to balance their mineral deficiency which means a high risk of BoNT ingestion (Braun et al 2005;Dirksen et al 2006;Radostits et al 2006). Toxicoinfectious botulism is well documented in human infants (Arnon and Chin 1979;Bartram and Singer 2004), in equine shaker foal syndrome (Radostits et al 2006), and has been suspected in foals suffering from equine grass sickness (Wylie and Proudman 2009). In bovines, the clinical appearance is different from other species (Bohnel et al 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive study of botulism in an Austrian dairy herd: a case report

J¹,

Krametter-Froetscher²,

Six³

et al. 2012

Vet. Med. - Czech

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An outbreak of botulism was suspected at an Austrian dairy farm in June 2010. Six Simmental cows, out of a herd of 29, were affected and showed the typical signs. The affected cows included either animals suffering from sudden recumbency and reduced tongue tone or others which developed paresis, which gradually led to recumbency. Most of the affected animals died. Two cases were submitted to the Clinic for Ruminants at the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna in order to clarify the cause of illness. The animals had reportedly been fed recently with silage possibly polluted by discarded cat carcasses spread onto the pasture used for the silage in question. The two referred cases both showed recumbency and swallowing difficulties. Both cows had to be euthanized. One of the two cows was in the late stage of pregnancy and a healthy calf could be delivered by Caesarean section. The outbreak of botulism was diagnosed clinically as well as by confirmation of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins C and D by mouse bioassay. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report in which a live calf has been delivered out of a cow suffering from acute botulism.

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Equine Grass Sickness: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Global Distribution

Cited by 38 publications

References 66 publications

Management of Animal Botulism Outbreaks: From Clinical Suspicion to Practical Countermeasures to Prevent or Minimize Outbreaks

Management of Animal Botulism Outbreaks: From Clinical Suspicion to Practical Countermeasures to Prevent or Minimize Outbreaks

Equine grass sickness in the Czech Republic a case report

Descriptive study of botulism in an Austrian dairy herd: a case report

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