Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic

Jahn, P.; Zeman, Petr; Bezděková, B.; Praskova, Ivana

doi:10.1136/vr.4852

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…In horses, EGA cases have been reported in both the USA and Europe. Many symptoms are similar to those observed in humans, and include fever, weakness, anorexia, ataxia, icterus leg edemas, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leucopenia (Bermann et al, 2002 ; Butler et al, 2008 ; Jahn et al, 2010 ). Neurological symptoms have also been reported (Gussmann et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Opening the black box of Anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives

Dugat

Lagrée

Maillard

et al. 2015

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

135

154

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium known to be transmitted by ticks belonging to the Ixodes persulcatus complex. This bacterium can infect several mammalian species, and is known to cause diseases with variable symptoms in many domestic animals. Specifically, it is the causative agent of tick-borne fever (TBF), a disease of important economic impact in European domestic ruminants, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), an emerging zoonotic disease in Asia, USA and Europe. A. phagocytophilum epidemiological cycles are complex and involve different ecotypes, vectors, and mammalian host species. Moreover, the epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum infection differs greatly between Europe and the USA. These different epidemiological contexts are associated with considerable variations in bacterial strains. Until recently, few A. phagocytophilum molecular typing tools were available, generating difficulties in completely elucidating the epidemiological cycles of this bacterium. Over the last few years, many A. phagocytophilum typing techniques have been developed, permitting in-depth epidemiological exploration. Here, we review the current knowledge and future perspectives regarding A. phagocytophilum epidemiology and phylogeny, and then focus on the molecular typing tools available for studying A. phagocytophilum genetic diversity.

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Section: Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Opening the black box of Anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives

Dugat

Lagrée

Maillard

et al. 2015

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

135

154

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“…This variant has previously been detected in dogs, horses and in roe deer, red deer and sheep [31,32,17,15,7,5]. The 16S rRNA gene variant "B" seems rather rare in ticks in Germany whereas the most frequent variant in ticks seems to be "A" [3, 29, 33, Schorn S. unpublished data].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Since then reports came from North America and different European countries [9-17]. EGA is an acute febrile disease with an average incubation period of 1-2 weeks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases

Silaghi

Liebisch²,

Pfister

2011

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundEquine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (EGA) is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium. In Europe, it is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. A large number of genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum circulate in nature and have been found in ticks and different animals. Attempts have been made to assign certain genetic variants to certain host species or pathologies, but have not been successful so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causing agent A. phagocytophilum of 14 cases of EGA in naturally infected horses with molecular methods on the basis of 4 partial genes (16S rRNA, groEL, msp2, and msp4).ResultsAll DNA extracts of EDTA-blood samples of the horses gave bands of the correct nucleotide size in all four genotyping PCRs. Sequence analysis revealed 4 different variants in the partial 16S rRNA, groEL gene and msp2 genes, and 3 in the msp4 gene. One 16S rRNA gene variant involved in 11 of the 14 cases was identical to the "prototype" variant causing disease in humans in the amplified part [GenBank: U02521]. Phylogenetic analysis revealed as expected for the groEL gene that sequences from horses clustered separately from roe deer. Sequences of the partial msp2 gene from this study formed a separate cluster from ruminant variants in Europe and from all US variants.ConclusionsThe results show that more than one variant of A. phagocytophilum seems to be involved in EGA in Germany. The comparative genetic analysis of the variants involved points towards different natural cycles in the epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, possibly involving different reservoir hosts or host adaptation, rather than a strict species separation.

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“…Wild ruminants such as roe deer show high infection rates with A. phagocytophilum and have been suggested as reservoir hosts (Polin et al 2004 ; Skotarczak et al 2008 ; Stefanciková et al 2008 ). Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis ( A. phagocytophilum was formerly known as Ehrlichia equi ) has been recognized as an infection which causes a wide range of clinical symptoms including lethargy, depression, fever, limb edema and thrombocytopenia (Jahn et al 2010 ) but the horses are not known to develop chronic clinical signs (Bakken and Dumler 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evidence for bacterial pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks infesting Shetland ponies

et al. 2016

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Ixodes ricinus has the potential to transmit zoonotic pathogens to humans and domestic animals. The feeding I. ricinus (n = 1737) collected from 49 Shetland ponies and questing ones from vegetation (n = 371) were tested for the presence and differentiation of the bacterial species. DNA of I. ricinus ticks was examined with PCR and sequencing analysis to identify species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. Altogether, 24.3 % I. ricinus of the infested horses and 12.4 % ticks from vegetation carried at least one pathogen species. Horse-feeding ticks (19.2 %) were significantly more frequently infected with Borrelia spp. than questing ticks (4.8 %). Among Bbsl species, in I. ricinus infesting ponies, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. valaisiana and B. lusitanie and one species, B. miyamotoi related to relapsing fever group, were detected. The 73 flaB gene sequences of Borrelia obtained from feeding I. ricinus have been deposited in GenBank. Among Rickettsia species, two were identified: R. helvetica which was dominant and R. monacensis. Infections with more than one pathogenic species, involving mostly Bbsl and R. helvetica were detected in 6.3 % of infected ticks collected from horses. Shetland ponies may play an important role in the epidemiological cycle of Bbsl and probably could contribute to the natural cycle of A. phagocytophilum and R. helvetica as host for infected ticks. The awareness about these infectious agents in ticks from ponies might be an important criterion for the risk assessment of human diseases, especially as these animals are maintained for recreational purposes.

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Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Opening the black box of Anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives

Opening the black box of Anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives

Genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases

Molecular evidence for bacterial pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks infesting Shetland ponies

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