Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis

Dzięgiel, Beata; Adaszek, Łukasz; Kalinowski, M.; Winiarczyk, S.

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.010

Cited by 55 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Further, all strains from humans, dogs and horses from Europe belonged to the same clonal complex. As canine and equine granulocytic anaplasmosis occurs frequently in Europe [13], [14], HGA is likely to be underdiagnosed in Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Population Structure of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Using Multilocus Sequence Typing

et al. 2014

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that replicates in neutrophils. It is transmitted via tick-bite and causes febrile disease in humans and animals. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is regarded as an emerging infectious disease in North America, Europe and Asia. However, although increasingly detected, it is still rare in Europe. Clinically apparent A. phagocytophilum infections in animals are mainly found in horses, dogs, cats, sheep and cattle. Evidence from cross-infection experiments that A. phagocytophilum isolates of distinct host origin are not uniformly infectious for heterologous hosts has led to several approaches of molecular strain characterization. Unfortunately, the results of these studies are not always easily comparable, because different gene regions and fragment lengths were investigated. Multilocus sequence typing is a widely accepted method for molecular characterization of bacteria. We here provide for the first time a universal typing method that is easily transferable between different laboratories. We validated our approach on an unprecedented large data set of almost 400 A. phagocytophilum strains from humans and animals mostly from Europe. The typability was 74% (284/383). One major clonal complex containing 177 strains was detected. However, 54% (49/90) of the sequence types were not part of a clonal complex indicating that the population structure of A. phagocytophilum is probably semiclonal. All strains from humans, dogs and horses from Europe belonged to the same clonal complex. As canine and equine granulocytic anaplasmosis occurs frequently in Europe, human granulocytic anaplasmosis is likely to be underdiagnosed in Europe. Further, wild boars and hedgehogs may serve as reservoir hosts of the disease in humans and domestic animals in Europe, because their strains belonged to the same clonal complex. In contrast, as they were only distantly related, roe deer, voles and shrews are unlikely to harbor A. phagocytophilum strains infectious for humans, domestic or farm animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinically apparent A. phagocytophilum infections in animals are mainly found in domestic animals such as horses [13], dogs [14] and cats [15] as well as in farm animals such as sheep, cattle and goats [16]. Since A. phagocytophilum is not transmitted transovarially, at least in Ixodes spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Population Structure of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Using Multilocus Sequence Typing

et al. 2014

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“…A. phagocytophilum is difficult to isolate and cultivate, and thus only 20 genomes have been sequenced to date, among which only four originate from European samples. In particular, there are no A. phagocytophilum genomes from horse or roe deer samples, even though EGA can have such important economic impact (2), and roe deer are suspected to play a crucial role as reservoir hosts in A. phagocytophilum epidemiology (1). Here, we present the draft genome sequences of European A. phagocytophilum from four cow and two horse samples, and two strains isolated from one cow and one roe deer which had been maintained in continuous cell cultures (3, 4).…”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Draft Anaplasma phagocytophilum Genome Sequences from Five Cows, Two Horses, and One Roe Deer Collected in Europe

et al. 2016

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“…[23][24][25] Anemia that is the result of an inadequate marrow response is more consistently diagnosed by evaluation of chemistry, ultrasound, and physical examination findings, which may identify the underlying cause, such as liver disease. A nonregenerative anemia results from an insufficient bone marrow response that can be the result of Overview of Clinical Pathology and the Horse a primary marrow problem (myelodysplasia or neoplasia) or a reflection of other disease processes and the influences of cytokines on the marrow.…”

Section: The Erythronmentioning

confidence: 99%