Equine eosinophilic keratitis: An emergent ocular condition?

González‐Medina, S.

doi:10.1111/eve.12937

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In only one study did this pattern not hold (Perez Olmos et al ). A similar distribution is reported for eosinophilic keratitis, with the greatest clustering in summer months (Lassaline‐Utter et al ; Gonzalez‐Medina 2019; Knickelbein et al ). In a MEED series, cases occurred in April and October (Nimmo Wilkie et al ).…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

“…This includes cases previously reported as idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (IFEE), diffuse eosinophilic enteritis (DEE) and segmental eosinophilic colitis (SEC). Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (KE) has been reported in the literature since the early 1990s (Knickelbein et al ), and is considered an emerging disease (Gonzalez‐Medina 2019). Periodic reports of MEED have appeared in the literature since the first published case in 1982 (Pucheu‐Haston and Del Piero ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conjunctiva may be affected in addition to or independent of the cornea, but surrounding skin has been normal when examined. One or both eyes may be affected (Ramsey et al ; Yamagata et al ; Wolfe et al ; Lassaline‐Utter et al ; Gonzalez‐Medina 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eosinophils of the horse: Part II: Eosinophils in clinical diseases

Brosnahan

2020

Equine Veterinary Education

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Interpretation of eosinophilia in body fluids or tissues is often not straightforward. Eosinophil counts vary among clinically healthy individuals, and considerable overlap can occur between normal and affected animals in conditions such as allergic airway disease. Parasite exposure is a confounding factor when counts are increased, and in cases where very high counts and dramatic clinical signs make another disease process obvious, the underlying pathology may be uncertain and treatment difficult. Eosinophils are a component of the immune response in many diseases of the horse, but their specific role is often unknown and likely multifactorial. In helminth infections, eosinophils are assumed to be part of the normal host response to a pathogen, whereas in multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED), the predominance of eosinophils likely represents a wildly dysregulated response, or an abnormal response altogether. This distinction is still not clear for other diseases. Understanding the pathways involved in recruitment, activation or suppression of eosinophils is required for more accurate diagnostics, effective therapeutics, and successful strategies for prevention of eosinophil associated diseases. Eosinophils of the horse: Part II reviews published observations on the eosinophil in clinical diseases of the horse. The behaviour of eosinophils in three common and relatively wellstudied conditions is presented first, including gastrointestinal helminth infections, non-infectious respiratory disease, and insect bite hypersensitivity. The less common eosinophilassociated diseases such as eosinophilic disease confined to the intestine (EDCI) and MEED are considered, followed by a brief summary of the eosinophil in phycomycosis and neoplasia. In conclusion, a panoramic view of the equine eosinophil as presented in Parts I and II is placed in the larger context of current eosinophil research, and areas of study are identified that may improve our understanding of eosinophil biology in equine health and clinical disease. Gastrointestinal parasites of the horse Gastrointestinal helminths are a widespread and well-studied problem in the horse. Clinical disease is associated historically with migratory large strongyles (Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, S. equinus), small strongyles (cyathostomes), tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata) and, in foals, ascarids (Parascarus equorum). Early studies sought to define parasite life cycles, but post-infection necropsies also described the eosinophilic response (Duncan and Pirie 1975). Host immunity and anthelmintics were the focus of later works (Bailey et al. 1989; Steuer et al. 2018). Variables exist across studies, including dosing variations, natural versus experimental

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confidence: 75%

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Eosinophils of the horse: Part II: Eosinophils in clinical diseases

Brosnahan

2020

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…Tacrolimus has only been used in the horse in the form of a topically applied ointment to treat hyperkeratosis [ 46 ] and specific eye pathology [ 47 ], so little is known about the effective concentration of tacrolimus, either systemically or locally. In humans, the drug is known to have a narrow therapeutic index of 3–20 ng/mL measured in whole blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained Intra-Articular Release and Biocompatibility of Tacrolimus (FK506) Loaded Monospheres Composed of [PDLA-PEG1000]-b-[PLLA] Multi-Block Copolymers in Healthy Horse Joints

et al. 2021

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There is an increasing interest in controlled release systems for local therapy in the treatment of human and equine joint diseases, aiming for optimal intra-articular concentrations with no systemic side effects. In this study, the intra-articular tolerability and suitability for local and sustained release of tacrolimus (FK506) from monospheres composed of [PDLA-PEG1000]-b-PLLA multiblock copolymers were investigated. Unloaded and tacrolimus-loaded (18.4 mg tacrolimus/joint) monospheres were injected into the joints of six healthy horses, with saline and hyaluronic acid (HA) in the contralateral joints as controls. Blood and synovial fluid were analysed for the tacrolimus concentration and biomarkers for inflammation and cartilage metabolism. After an initial burst release, sustained intra-articular tacrolimus concentrations (>20 ng/mL) were observed during the 42 days follow-up. Whole-blood tacrolimus levels were below the detectable level (<0.5 ng/mL). A transient inflammatory reaction was observed for all substances, evidenced by increases of the synovial fluid white blood cell count and total protein. Prostaglandin and glycosaminoglycan release were increased in joints injected with unloaded monospheres, which was mitigated by tacrolimus. Both tacrolimus-loaded monospheres and HA transiently increased the concentration of collagen II cleavage products (C2C). A histologic evaluation of the joints at the endpoint showed no pathological changes in any of the conditions. Together, these results indicate the good biocompatibility of intra-articular applied tacrolimus-loaded monospheres combined with prolonged local drug release while minimising the risk of systemic side effects. Further evaluation in a clinical setting is needed to determine if tacrolimus-loaded monospheres can be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases in humans and animals.

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“…; Henriksen et al . ), corneal ulcerative disease (Gilger ; Gonzalez‐Medina ; Greenberg ; Ledbetter ) and eosinophilic keratitis (Gonzalez‐Medina ). The conjunctiva is also a location for administration of drugs for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases (Martins and Brooks ).…”

Section: Prioritised Differentialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A problem‐based approach to the ‘red eye’

Dawson

2019

Equine Veterinary Education

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Equine eosinophilic keratitis: An emergent ocular condition?

Cited by 6 publications

References 57 publications

Eosinophils of the horse: Part II: Eosinophils in clinical diseases

Eosinophils of the horse: Part II: Eosinophils in clinical diseases

Sustained Intra-Articular Release and Biocompatibility of Tacrolimus (FK506) Loaded Monospheres Composed of [PDLA-PEG1000]-b-[PLLA] Multi-Block Copolymers in Healthy Horse Joints

A problem‐based approach to the ‘red eye’

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