Equilibrium solutions for immiscible two-species Bose-Einstein condensates in perturbed harmonic traps

Abstract

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Quantum gas mixtures in different correlation regimes

“…In the semiclassical limit it is known that symmetrybreaking eigenstates exist, which can have an energy very close to the energy of the symmetric ground state [26][27][28][29][30]. While in the few atom limit and for the symmetric Hamiltonian discussed above, the lowest energy state is the one shown in Figs.…”

“…1(c) and 1(d), in actual experiments small perturbations in the potential can break this symmetry. This was shown in [30], where an additional linear potential αx was added to the symmetric trapping potential to show that the asymmetric states experimentally realized in [31] are obtainable from a GPE approach for certain values of the perturbation α.…”

Equilibration of a finite-temperature binary Bose gas formed by population transfer

“…In experiments, however, Bose gases are confined in trapping potentials, usually harmonic in shape, which further influence the system through the imposition of an inhomogeneous density profile and a boundary. While this significantly changes the stationary density distributions of binary condensates, e.g., leading to ball-in-shell phase-separated states [3,53,55,57,59,61], and their dynamical properties, e.g., quench dynamics [64] and shape oscillations [3,10], the atomic interactions remain a dominant influence on the system. Importantly, the miscible and immiscible regimes, which drive our main observations in the condensate fractions, persist in the presence of a trap (albeit with the crossover shifted by the effects of quantum pressure arising from the inhomogeneous density [71]).…”

“…In this regime, it is favorable for the two species to separate spatially, supporting phase-separated equilibrium density profiles in, for example, side-by-side and ball-in-shell formations [3][4][5][6]53,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. From nonequilibrium conditions, complicated dynamical phenomena can also arise driven by the interplay between the two species, such as superfluid ring excitations [11], transient structures during growth [63], and the formation of topological defects in the form of dark-bright solitons [64].…”

Scaling of fluctuations in a trapped binary condensate

“…At ultracold temperatures, this system supports a second-order phase transition between miscible and immiscible states as the interaction strength between the components (g 12 ) is tuned across a critical threshold g c , reminiscent of a para-toferromagnetic Ising transition. To date, a great deal of experimental [23,24] and theoretical [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] work has been dedicated to understanding these states and the dynamics of the transition between them.…”