Equifrequency surfaces in a two-dimensional GaN-based photonic crystal

Coquillat, Dominique; Torres, J.; Peyrade, D.; Legros, R.; Lascaray, J. P.; d'Yerville, M. Le Vassor; Centeno, Emmanuel; Cassagne, D.; Albert, J. P.; Chen, Y.; Rue, R.M. De La

doi:10.1364/opex.12.001097

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…This non-perpendicular light transportation causes a shift in the wavelength of the reflected light, which corresponds to the band distribution at a certain transportation angle. [17,18] According to this, the data from this one fixed angle measurement is not sufficient to generate the whole band structure to match our theoretical calculation; however, the reflection peaks from the spectrum are able to clearly show the existence of the photonic bandgap. Experimentally, there are a few issues associated with the relatively noisy spectra that could contribute to the mismatch.…”

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confidence: 84%

Photonic Crystals Fabricated Using Patterned Nanorod Arrays

et al. 2005

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Two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PC) slabs have attracted much research interest due to the relative ease of achieving a full photonic bandgap. [1,2] A wide variety of applications in optoelectronics have been explored using 2D PCs, such as waveguides, [3] superprisms, [4] laser diodes, [5] and photonic integrated circuits. [6] Traditionally, 2D PCs are fabricated by electron-beam lithography, which is a top±down process that is expensive and limited to relatively small areas; [7] these factors possibly hinder the application and commercialization of 2D PCs. A combination of top±down and bottom± up processes has been attempted, in which a 2D pattern is created by lithography followed by a self-assembly process to achieve the final structure.[8] Recently, by using monolayer self-assembly (MSA) of polystyrene (PS) submicrometer spheres to define a pattern, a catalyst-controlled selective growth technique has been applied to make 2D periodic arrays, such as hexagonal-patterned carbon nanotubes [9] and ZnO nanorods. [10] This is a simple and cost-effective approach for growing quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) nanostructure arrays on a relatively large scale. However, these as-synthesized 1D nanostructures have a large percentage of air space and a vanishing photonic bandgap, and are not suitable for photonic applications. We present here a bottom±up process for fabricating 2D PC slabs starting with patterned ZnO nanorod arrays that were conformally coated with TiO 2 by template-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD), a powerful technique for fabricating a variety of nanostructures, such as inverse opals, [11,12] one-dimensional nanostructures, [13] and nanobowl arrays. [14] The space between the ZnO nanorods was partially filled with TiO 2 , thus forming a continuous ZnO/ TiO 2 matrix with a highly ordered air-hole array. This periodic structure showed a reflection peak at the theoretically predicted bandgap region, while the near-UV emission of ZnO was unaffected by the TiO 2 coating. This technique demonstrates an effective and economical bottom±up process for 2D PC fabrication. Our objective was to make a photonic crystal with high refractive-index contrast, which was achieved by a two-step process: growth of patterned nanorod arrays with large air holes, then infiltration of the nanorod arrays with TiO 2 to form an air/TiO 2 /nanorod photonic crystal. In the first step, a continuous hexagonal gold nanoparticle pattern was formed on a sapphire substrate. The aligned ZnO nanorods were then grown using the gold pattern as a catalyst in a tube furnace at elevated temperature.[10] A honeycomb-like pattern of dense and well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays was produced, as shown by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image in Figure 1a. The diameter and length of the ZnO nanorods were controlled by the thickness of the gold catalyst layer and the growth time. For a growth time of 15 min, the length of the ZnO nanorods was~500 nm and their diameters ranged from 20±30 nm.

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confidence: 84%

Photonic Crystals Fabricated Using Patterned Nanorod Arrays

et al. 2005

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“…The EFS are obtained by the intersection of the dispersion surfaces and the horizontal plane associated with a constant value ofω . [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Cowan and Young 18 have studied theoretically the SHG produced by coupling of both the fundamental and the SH fields into resonant Bloch modes. They concluded that by optimising the photonic structure, enhancement by up to six orders of magnitude may be obtained.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using the calculated EFS, 22,34 it is possible to identify the geometrical configurations that will allow confinement to be obtained or QPM to be satisfied in the available wavelength range of the laser.…”

Section: Experimental Second-harmonic Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancement of second harmonic in one-dimensional and two-dimensional epitaxial GaN-based photonic crystals

Torres¹,

Vecchi

Coquillat³

et al. 2004

SPIE Proceedings

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The second-harmonic field generated has been measured in reflection from the surface of one-dimensional and twodimensional photonic crystals etched into a GaN layer. A very large second-harmonic enhancement is observed when simultaneously the incident beam at the fundamental frequency ω excites a resonant Bloch mode and the secondharmonic field generated is coupled into a resonant Bloch mode at 2ω. A smaller, but still substantially enhanced, second-harmonic generation level was also observed when the fundamental field was coupled into a resonant mode, while the second-harmonic field was not. By using calculated and experimental equifrequency surfaces, it is possible to identify the geometrical configurations that will allow quasi-phase matching to be satisfied -and observed experimentally in the available wavelength tuning range of the laser. The extended transparency window of III-nitride wide-bandgap semiconductors, coupled with large non linearities, is an appealing feature pointing towards the control and manipulation of light in photonic structures.

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“…[1][2][3] These optical structures contain typical feature sizes significantly smaller than the wavelength of light, and thus qualify as true "nanophotonic" devices when the submicron emission wavelength typical of GaN-based materials is taken into account. Potentially, based on such photonic crystal nanocavities, light emitting diodes ͑LED's͒ and lasers could be designed with enhanced light extraction efficiency and reduced lasing threshold, thus enabling optoelectronic integration on an unprecedented scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of GaN suspended photonic crystal membranes and resonant nanocavities on Si(111)

Rosenberg

Bussmann

Kim

et al. 2007

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena

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The authors demonstrate the fabrication of suspended photonic crystal membranes in GaN films deposited on Si(111). The photonic crystal patterns fabricated in these membranes consisted of triangular arrays of holes having diameters in the range of 70–175nm, with a lattice spacing of 200–500nm. The patterns included optical cavity structures (groups of missing holes), which are predicted to exhibit resonances in the visible to near-IR spectral region. Such suspended photonic crystal membranes may serve as the basis for efficient wavelength-scale GaN-based light emitters monolithically integrated with Si.

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Equifrequency surfaces in a two-dimensional GaN-based photonic crystal

Cited by 21 publications

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Photonic Crystals Fabricated Using Patterned Nanorod Arrays

Photonic Crystals Fabricated Using Patterned Nanorod Arrays

Enhancement of second harmonic in one-dimensional and two-dimensional epitaxial GaN-based photonic crystals

Fabrication of GaN suspended photonic crystal membranes and resonant nanocavities on Si(111)

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