“…A slightly different approach ( [23], [24], [27]) consists in shaping the traffic produced by each station, limiting its amount and burstiness. Modified CSMA protocols tamper the Ethernet's native CSMA/CD arbitration scheme in order to improve the temporal behavior of the network, either by reducing the probability of collisions (e.g., Virtual Time CSMA protocol [29], [33]) or by sorting out collisions in a deterministic way (e.g., Windows [29], CSMA/DCR [26], and EquB [41]). Token passing based mechanisms, allowing only the node in possession of a (unique) token to access the communication medium, have also been proposed (e.g., Timed-Token Protocol [28], RETHER [47], RT-EP [30], [31], and VTPE [3]).…”