Equation of state for cosmological matter at and beyond QCD and electroweak eras

Abstract

Various thermodynamic quantities for baryon-free matter are calculated by combining the most reliable nonperturbative and perturbative calculations, especially the most recent ones including as many quark flavors as possible. We extend these calculations by including other degrees of freedom (dof), such as photons, neutrinos, leptons, electroweak particles, and Higgs bosons, that allows us to consider the temperatures up to the TeVscale. The calculations show that similar to QCD, the EW phase transition is also a crossover. We have found that while the equation of state for the hadronic matter is linear, p/ρ ≃ 0.2, the one for higher temperatures is rather complex; it exhibits two crossover-type phase transitions, corresponding to strong and EW matter.At even larger energy densities, the deduced EoS becomes linear again and close to ideal gas. The combined equation of state can be used for modeling the expansion of the Universe from very early times and through the EW and QCD era.

Reliable Equations of State of Viscous Strong and Electroweak Matter

“…The temperature dependence of the relaxation time τ f (T ) plays an essential role in bulk viscosity ζ(T ). Figure 4 presents τ (T ) deduced from the non-perturbative and perturbative QCD simulations 8,9,21,29 (bottom symbols). Contributions from the quark and gluon condensates and the thermodynamic quantities of the gauge bosons, charged leptons, and Higgs bosons are added (left symbols).…”

“…The QCD phase transition [4][5][6][7] takes place at T ≃ 160 MeV. Recent studies concluded that the viscous coefficients likely impact early epoches of the Universe 8 .…”

SU(3) Polyakov linear-sigma model with finite isospin asymmetry: QCD phase diagram

“…At µ f = 0, the equation of state conditioning the pressure on the energy density could be determined with a high precision from first-principle lattice QCD calculation, see refs. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and be utilized in describng various physical systems, such as, evolution of the early Universe [55,56], relativistic heavy-ion collisions [57] and stellar compact objects [58][59][60][61][62][63][64].…”

Particle ratios with in Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models

“…The Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) and its phase transition on the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram have been at the forefront of high energy physics research for the past few decades [3,4]. In order to study the QGP and its thermodynamic behavior, many experiments have been undertaken to recreate this state of matter at particle colliders like the Relativistic Heavy-Ion collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven Laboratory and the large hadron collider (LHC) at CERN, it's doable to recreate this state of matter and study its properties [5][6][7][8][9]. So as for these accelerators to recreate conditions necessary to make this distinctive state of matter, terribly energetic beams of massive ions, like gold or lead nuclei, are collided head-on at speeds terribly close to the speed of light.…”