Equation-based SPYRO® model and solver for the simulation of the steam cracking process

Multivariable optimization of thermal cracking severity

“…Discrepancies are found in their solvers, however. For example, PyroFur (herein developed) and the original SPYRO have exploited the Quasi-SteadyState Approximation (QSSA) for the concentration of some active intermediates while the Open Spyro developed by van Goethem et al (2001) and CRACKER utilized the orthogonal collocation on finite elements to reduce the computation time. By contrast, the solver DASSL is used in COILSIM to reduce the stiffness appeared in continuity equations resulting from a huge diversity within the values of kinetic parameters and also concentrations of molecules and radicals.The use of QSSA for certain species in each increment of integration gives a set of algebraic equations to be solved separately or simultaneously with the remaining differential equations.…”

Multi‐Objective Optimization of Pseudo‐Dynamic Operation of Naphtha Pyrolysis by a Surrogate Model

“…On the one hand, the objective function obj P is maximized N m +1 (here N m is set to 30) times with additional constraints on the other objective function obj Y beyond the lower limitation of e Y,m constraint, denoted as the problem (SPs1) in Eq. (13). On the other hand, the objective function obj Y is maximized N m +1 times with additional constraints on the objective function obj P beyond the lower limitation of e P,m constraint, denoted as the problem (SPs2) in Eq.…”

“…The free radical reaction model can provide a proper representation of the real chemical reaction routines as well as convenient inter-and extrapolation abilities [16]. In industrial practice, commercial software in virtue of the free radical reaction model, such as SPYRO [13,17] and COILSIM1D [4,12], are well-accepted, and both of them can be effectively employed for getting detailed cracking productions under different operation conditions and coke deposition. They can be applied to simulate the coke deposit inside the coils and the run length of the furnace as well.…”

Methane pyrolysis: Literature survey and comparisons of available data for use in numerical simulations

“…For example, the SPYRO model (cf. [67,68]) was initially developed by Dente et al and was built and improved over the years with the objective to simulate the cracking of a large panel of hydrocarbons ranging from C 1 to C 42 . Obviously, such performance is balanced by the high number of reactions and species (respectively 3288 and 128, plus 20 radicals).…”