Equal mating success among male reproductive strategies in a marine isopod

Shuster, Stephen M.; Wade, Michael J.

doi:10.1038/350608a0

Cited by 294 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Rarely, ARTs are determined by simple genetic mechanisms (e.g. [24][25][26]), but the vast majority of ARTs are apparently conditionally determined and subject to significant external influences [7,8,10]. Possibly, the factors favouring a conditional expression of tactics, such as a high reliability of environmental or status cues [27,28] and low cost of plasticity [29], often occur in mating systems with ARTs [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evolution of genetic and conditional alternative reproductive tactics

Engqvist¹,

Taborsky²

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Frequency-dependent selection may drive adaptive diversification within species. It is yet unclear why the occurrence of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) is highly divergent between major animal taxa. Here we aim to clarify the environmental and social conditions favouring the evolution of intrapopulation variance of male reproductive phenotypes. Our results suggest that genetically determined ARTs that are fixed for life evolve when there is strong selection on body size due to size-dependent competitiveness, in combination with environmental factors reducing size benefits. The latter may result from growth costs or, more generally, from age-dependent but size-independent mortality causes. This generates disruptive selection on growth trajectories underlying tactic choice. In many parameter settings, the model also predicts ARTs to evolve that are flexible and responsive to current conditions. Interestingly, the conditions favouring the evolution of flexible tactics diverge considerably from those favouring genetic variability. Nevertheless, in a restricted but relevant parameter space, our model predicts the simultaneous emergence and maintenance of a mixture of multiple tactics, both genetically and conditionally determined. Important conditions for the emergence of ARTs include size variation of competitors, which is inherently greater in species with indeterminate growth than in taxa reproducing only after reaching their terminal body size. This is probably the reason why ARTs are more common in fishes than in other major taxa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These can either be determined by the same mechanism, for instance coexistence of distinct genotypes (e.g. [24,25]) or status-dependence including multiple states [19], or by a mixture of mechanisms. Multiple ARTs seem to occur especially in fish mating systems [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of genetic and conditional alternative reproductive tactics

Engqvist¹,

Taborsky²

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Again, alternative tactics should yield average equal ¢tnesses that are provided by frequency-dependent selection on the frequency with which each is played (Maynard Smith 1982;Gross 1996). A number of studies have provided partial support for the maintenance of alternative phenotypes through alternative strategies, such as genetic determination of phenotypes (Shuster & Wade 1991;Ryan et al 1992;Lank et al 1995), equal ¢tness pay-o¡s (Gross 1985;Shuster & Wade 1991;Ryan et al 1992) and the operation of frequency-dependent selection (Gross 1991;Sinervo & Lively 1996). However, further tests are needed for each of these systems in order to satisfy all the requirements necessary for alternative strategies to operate (Gross 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status-dependent selection in the dimorphic beetle Onthophagus taurus

Hunt

Simmons²

2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

143

114

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The occurrence of alternative reproductive phenotypes is widespread in most animal taxa. The majority of known examples best ¢t the notion of alternative tactics within a conditional strategy where the ¢tness pay-o¡s depend on an individual's competitive ability or status. Individuals are proposed as`choosing' the tactic that maximizes their ¢tness, given their status relative to others in the population. Theoretically, status-dependent selection should determine when an animal should switch between alternative tactics. While a number of studies have demonstrated unequal ¢tness pay-o¡s associated with alternative tactics, none, to our knowledge, have examined the ¢tness functions necessary for predicting when individuals should switch between tactics. Here, we use a dimorphic male beetle in order to provide the ¢rst empirically derived ¢tness function across alternative reproductive phenotypes. Our data provide empirical support for a game-theoretic conditional strategy that has evolved under status-dependent selection.

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“…173, pp. 376- fitness (Shuster and Wade 1991) or on individuals with low competitive status making the "best of a bad job" (based on status-dependent selection; Thornhill 1981;Gross 1996;Koprowski 2008;Taborsky et al 2008). Within social vertebrates, tactics employed might include being a dominant territorial breeder, satellite, roamer, or helper (e.g., Reyer et al 1986;Young et al 2007;Scantlebury et al 2008;Taborsky et al 2008) and depend on the individual's assessment of the relative inclusive fitness gains given its current environmental, social, physical, and physiological status (Clutton-Brock 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone Levels in Dominant Sociable Males Are Lower than in Solitary Roamers: Physiological Differences between Three Male Reproductive Tactics in a Sociably Flexible Mammal

Schradin¹,

Scantlebury²,

Pillay³

et al. 2009

The American Naturalist

135

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abstract:The relative plasticity hypothesis predicts that alternative tactics are associated with changes in steroid hormone levels. In species with alternative male reproductive tactics, the highest androgen levels have usually been reported in dominant males. However, in sociable species, dominant males show amicable behaviors to gain access to females, which might conflict with high testosterone levels. We compared testosterone, corticosterone, and resting metabolic rate in male striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) following a conditional strategy with three different reproductive tactics: (i) philopatric group-living males, (ii) solitary-living roamers, (iii) dominant but sociable group-living territorial breeders. Philopatrics had the lowest testosterone but highest corticosterone levels, suggesting that they make the best of a bad job. Dominant territorial breeders had lower testosterone levels than roamers, which have a lower competitive status. Roamers had the highest testosterone levels, which might promote risky behavior, such as invading territories defended by territorial males. Roamers also had lower resting metabolic rates than either type of group-living males. Our results suggest that dominant males' testosterone levels reflect a trade-off between low testosterone amicable behavior and high testosterone dominance behavior.

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Equal mating success among male reproductive strategies in a marine isopod

Cited by 294 publications

References 24 publications

The evolution of genetic and conditional alternative reproductive tactics

The evolution of genetic and conditional alternative reproductive tactics

Status-dependent selection in the dimorphic beetle Onthophagus taurus

Testosterone Levels in Dominant Sociable Males Are Lower than in Solitary Roamers: Physiological Differences between Three Male Reproductive Tactics in a Sociably Flexible Mammal

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