EQ-5D-5L Polish population norms

Abstract

IntroductionThe new, five-level version of the EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire has better psychometric properties than the standard three-level version (EQ-5D-3L), including a reduced ceiling effect. Currently, there are few existing population norms for the EQ-5D-5L. The aims of this study were to provide population norms for the EQ-5D-5L in Poland, based on a representative sample of adults, and to compare those with norms from other countries.Material and methodsMembers of the general public, selected through multistage stratified sampling, filled in paper-and-pencil EQ-5D-5L questionnaires in the presence of an interviewer. EQ-5D-5L index values were estimated using an interim value set, based on a crosswalk methodology. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the EQ-5D-5L index. The distribution of answers was obtained for the descriptive part of the EQ-5D-5L.ResultsThe sample was representative of the Polish population in terms of age, gender, geographical region, education, and socio-professional group. Population norms were developed based on 3963 questionnaires with no missing data. At least one slight, moderate, severe, and extreme health limitation was reported by 61.5%, 31.1%, 12.4%, and 1.6% of the respondents, respectively. Polish society is characterized by poorer health, as compared to its direct neighbor, Germany, especially with regard to the individuals’ perception of pain, as well as anxiety and depression.ConclusionsPolish population norms for the EQ-5D-5L should encourage clinicians, economists, and policymakers in Poland to use this questionnaire on a broader scale.

Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D–5 L: population norms for the capital of Iran

“…While in other dimensions, more than half of the sample had no problems in lower age groups and the percentage of individuals with problems increased in higher age groups. It was consistent with the finding of other countries [11,12,17]. High percentage of the anxiety/depression in all ages is a sign that highlights the risk of the psychological disorders, which requires purposeful considerations and measures.…”

“…The mean utility score of the current study participants (0.79 ± 0.17) seems lower than those of Germany (0.92) [23], South Australia (0.91) [17], Poland (0.89) [11], Uruguay (0.95) [24], and Italy (0.92) [12]; and was very similar to the previously reported value (0.79) using the three level version in an adult sample of Tehran [15]. This likeness arise from the studies' population and value set similarities.…”

“…This issue was observed in all the dimensions, which was notably prominent in "anxiety/depression" dimension. The percentage of individuals with no anxiety or depression was 46% in Iran, which was 73.3, 58.5, 61.7 and 77.4% in South Australia, Poland, Italy, and Germany, respectively [11,12,17,23].…”

“…In many countries, this questionnaire is applied to evaluate population health status for which population norms are derived. The utility scores are extracted by gender, age, and other sociodemographic characteristics [9,11,12]. These studies provide the requisitions for health status surveillance and wider economic evaluations.…”

The burden of informal caregiving in Hungary, Poland and Slovenia: results from national representative surveys

“…Due to lack of population norms in Hungary and Slovenia, we could not compare the health status of the caregivers to that of the general public. The average EQ VAS score of the caregivers was slightly lower in Hungary, nearly identical in Slovenia and slightly higher in Poland than that of the respective age group in the general population [22]. In Poland and Slovenia, the EQ-5D-5L scores and EQ VAS scores of caregivers were significantly lower than those of non-caregivers in our sample.…”