Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis in an Immunocompetent Child: A Case Report and Management of Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis

Akkoç, Gülşen; Kadayıfçı, Eda Kepenekli; Karaaslan, Ayşe; Atıcı, Serkan; Yakut, Nurhayat; Demir, Sevliya Öcal; Soysal, Ahmet; Bakır, Mustafa

doi:10.1155/2016/7549252

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Out of the 6705 CSF samples collected from suspected patients during 2015–2019, 732 (10.9%) positive cases tested positive for a viral agent. Compared to our study, high rates of VM were reported in several countries in the MENA region, including Jordan (83%; 2001–2014) ( 21 ), Lebanon (82.7%; 2008–2016) ( 22 ), Gaza (72%; 2013–2014) ( 23 ), Egypt (43%; 2013–2015), United Arab Emirates (UAE) (37%; 2000–2005) ( 24 ), and Oman (31%; 2000–2005) ( 25 ). Apart from the MENA region, various Western countries have also reported high VM positive cases compared to our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiology Profile of Viral Meningitis Infections Among Patients in Qatar (2015–2018)

et al. 2021

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Background: Little is known about the etiology of meningitis in the MENA region, including Qatar. Viral agents are considered the major cause for meningitis worldwide. Here, we present primary data about the etiology and clinical and demographic characteristics of viral meningitis (VM) in Qatar between 2015 and 2018.Methods: We retrospectively collected data from Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), which provides about 80% of healthcare services in Qatar. Data were collected for the period between 2015 and 2018. During this time period, 6,705 specimens were collected from patients with suspected meningitis attending HMC and primary healthcare centers. These specimens were tested for a panel of viruses using the “FTD Viral meningitis” multiplex real-time PCR kit that detects Adenovirus (ADV), Human herpesvirus 1&2 (HSV1 and HSV2), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Enteroviruses (EV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella zoster virus (VZV), and Parechovirus (PV).Results: Only 10.9% (732/6,705) of all suspected meningitis cases were caused by viral agents. 60.9% of the reported cases were males, compared to 39.1% in females. Most of the infections (73.9%) were reported in children younger than 10 years of age. EV were identified as the main causative agent (68.7%), followed by EBV (7.5%) and ADV (6.8%). Other viral agents including VZV, PV, HSV-1, and HSV-2 were also detected with a lower frequency. Confirmed VM were more prevalent among Qatari subjects compared to other nationalities. We observed no specific seasonality of viral agents, but a slight rise was recorded during the spring seasons (March to June). Fever (59.4%, 435/732) and acute central nervous system (CNS) infection (15.6%, 114/732) were initial symptoms of most cases.Conclusion: This is the first report about the molecular epidemiology of VM in Qatar. In line with the international records, our data showed that EV is responsible for 68.7% of Qatar's VM cases. Further studies are needed to genotype and serotype the identified viruses.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiology Profile of Viral Meningitis Infections Among Patients in Qatar (2015–2018)

et al. 2021

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“…Epstein–Barr virus is one of the members of herpesvirus family that can cause neurologic diseases. Most cases of EBV encephalitis occur in children as a rare complication of infectious mononucleosis [ 96 ]. EBV encephalitis is frequently associated with abnormalities in the deep grey matter, and bilateral involvement of the basal ganglia and thalami is characteristic, frequently with associated cortical lesions (Fig.…”

Section: Pathology Involving Both the Basal Ganglia And Thalamimentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral lesions of the basal ganglia and thalami (central grey matter)—pictorial review

et al. 2020

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The basal ganglia and thalami are paired deep grey matter structures with extensive metabolic activity that renders them susceptible to injury by various diseases. Most pathological processes lead to bilateral lesions, which may be symmetric or asymmetric, frequently showing characteristic patterns on imaging studies. In this comprehensive pictorial review, the most common and/or typical genetic, acquired metabolic/toxic, infectious, inflammatory, vascular and neoplastic pathologies affecting the central grey matter are subdivided according to the preferential location of the lesions: in the basal ganglia, in the thalami or both. The characteristic imaging findings are described with emphasis on the differential diagnosis and clinical context.

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“…HTLV1 causes myelopathy and amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [20] as well as being associated with neurological conditions like TSP [10,20]. CMV and EBV can cause chronic encephalitis in immunosuppressed patients and EBV has also been recorded as an inducer of chronic fatigue syndrome in the Northern hemisphere [21,27]. JCV (a polyomavirus) is implicated in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal neurological demyelinating disease of the CNS related to the destruction of oligodendrocytes by lytic infection of myelin producing cells [22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Viral Infections Of the Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Antiviral Medicinal Plants and Biological Compounds Against Central Nervous System Infections: A Mechanistic Review

Malekmohammad

Rafieian-Kopaei

Sardari

et al. 2020

CDDT

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Background and Objective: Infectious diseases are amongst the leading causes of death in the world and central nervous system infections produced by viruses may either be fatal or generate a wide range of symptoms that affect global human health. Most antiviral plants contain active phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, some of which play an important antiviral role. Herein, we present a background to viral central nervous system (CNS) infections, followed by a review of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that are effective against viral pathogens in CNS infections. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on scientific databases including: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science. The relevant key words used as search terms were: “myelitis”, “encephalitis”, “meningitis”, “meningoencephalitis”, “encephalomyelitis”, “central nervous system”, “brain”, “spinal cord”, “infection”, “virus”, “medicinal plants” and “biological compounds”. Results: The most significant viruses involved in central nervous system infections are: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella zoster virus (VZV), West Nile virus (WNV), Enterovirus 71 (EV71), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Dengue virus (DENV). The inhibitory activity of medicinal plants against CNS viruses are mostly active through prevention of viral binding to cell membranes, blocking viral genome replication, prevention of viral protein expression, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of plaque formation. Conclusion: Due to the increased resistance of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and parasites) to antimicrobial therapies, alternative treatments, especially using plant sources and their bioactive constituents, appear to be more fruitful.

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Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis in an Immunocompetent Child: A Case Report and Management of Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Epidemiology Profile of Viral Meningitis Infections Among Patients in Qatar (2015–2018)

Epidemiology Profile of Viral Meningitis Infections Among Patients in Qatar (2015–2018)

Bilateral lesions of the basal ganglia and thalami (central grey matter)—pictorial review

Effective Antiviral Medicinal Plants and Biological Compounds Against Central Nervous System Infections: A Mechanistic Review

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