Epstein–Barr virus and COVID‐19

Shafiee, Arman; Aghajanian, Sepehr; Athar, Mohammad Mobin Teymouri; Gargari, Omid Kohandel

doi:10.1002/jmv.27823

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Information on this helps clinicians to establish proper initiatives for management of COVID‐19 patients affected by herpesvirus infection, while providing guidelines for education, disease prevention, and early screening. In our recently published study, we showed that infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 is associated with high incidence of EBV reactivation 11 . However, this association for other HHV with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection remains unidentified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In our recently published study, we showed that infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with high incidence of EBV reactivation. 11 However, this association for other HHV with SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unidentified. Thus, we set out to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the cumulative incidence of HHV reactivation at the time of COVID-19 infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactivation of herpesviruses during COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Shafiee

Athar

Amini

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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To provide a comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis regarding the cumulative incidence (incidence proportion) of human herpesvirus (HHV) reactivation among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE up to 25 September 2022, with no language restrictions. All interventional and observational studies enrolling patients with confirmed COVID‐19 and providing data regarding HHV reactivation were included. The random‐effects model was used in the meta‐analyses. We included information from 32 studies. HHV reactivation was considered a positive polymerase chain reaction result taken at the time of COVID‐19 infection. Most of the included patients were severe COVID‐19 cases. The pooled cumulative incidence estimate was 38% (95% Confidence Intervals [CI], 28%–50%, I2 = 86%) for herpes simplex virus (HSV), 19% (95% CI, 13%–28%, I2 = 87%) for cytomegalovirus (CMV), 45% (95% CI, 28%–63%, I2 = 96%) for Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), 18% (95% CI, 8%–35%) for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6), 44% (95% CI, 32%–56%) for human herpesvirus 7 (HHV‐7), and 19% (95% CI, 14%–26%) for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8). There was no evidence of funnel plot asymmetry based on visual inspection and Egger's regression test for the results of HSV (p = 0.84), CMV (p = 0.82), and EBV (p = 0.27) reactivation. In conclusion, the identification of HHV reactivation in severe COVID‐19 patients is helpful in the management of patients as well as the prevention of complications. Further research is required to elucidate the interaction between HHVs and COVID‐19. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42022321973.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivation of herpesviruses during COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Shafiee

Athar

Amini

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) reactivation has frequently been detected in COVID-19 patients [ 37 , 38 ], and in some reports [ 39 , 40 ], it has been associated with greater morbidity and mortality. For instance, Chen et al [ 39 ] reported a high incidence of EBV reactivation in COVID-19 patients, which was associated with fever and increased inflammation.…”

Section: Covid-19 and Human Herpesviruses Reactivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination, and Human Herpesviruses Infections

Maple

2023

Vaccines

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There are several human herpesviruses. A common characteristic of infection by these viruses is latency, by which the virus assumes a non-replicative state, subverting the attentions of the host’s immune response. In immunocompetent hosts, herpesviruses are immunologically controlled, although periodic virus shedding can occur. In situations where immunological control is lost, herpesviruses can reactivate and produce clinically apparent disease. It is now becoming apparent that COVID-19 or exposure to COVID-19 vaccines can exert several effects on the immune system. The pandemic of COVID-19 shows no sign of abating, with new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continuing to evolve. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, and much of the world’s population has either experienced COVID-19 or been vaccinated against it. There are an increasing number of reports of associations between herpesvirus infections or reactivations and COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccination. For instance, a positive cytomegalovirus serostatus may indicate a greater likelihood of severe COVID-19, and herpes simplex virus reactivation may be linked to increased mortality. Epstein–Barr virus reactivation appears to be associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Finally, herpes zoster has been reported to be associated with COVID-19 vaccination. This brief narrative review will provide several insights into associations between herpesvirus infections or reactivations and COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

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“…To the Editor, The report by Shafiee et al 1 demonstrated the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the possible development of long COVID. Stronger evidence is required to evaluate this relationship, but the effect of COVID on EBV reactivation and the incidence of EBV cannot be ignored.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Other symptoms can also include encephalitis, myelitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, lymphoproliferative disease, and lymphoma in children with EBV reactivations. 5 Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infections had a significant effect on EBV reactivation and that long COVID symptoms may be due to COVID-19 inflammation-induced EBV reactivation, 1,6,7 which suggests a possible relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and prevalence of EBV infections.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%