Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Regulate Macrophage Polarization and Prevent LPS‐Induced Cardiac Dysfunction

Dai, Meiyan; Wu, Lujin; He, Zuowen; Zhang, Shasha; Chen, Chen; Xu, Xizhen; Wang, Peihua; Gruzdev, Artiom; Zeldin, Darryl C.; Wang, Dao Wen

doi:10.1002/jcp.24939

Cited by 72 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…S12). This notion is consistent with recent studies demonstrating that both CB2 ligands and EETs promote the anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype (58,59). In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides were partially blocked by AM630 (a CB2 inhibitor), GW99662 (a PPARγ inhibitor) (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Anti-inflammatory ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides

McDougle

Watson

Abdeen

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

163

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Clinical studies suggest that diets rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) provide beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, in part through their conversion to bioactive metabolites. Here we report on the endogenous production of a previously unknown class of ω-3 PUFA–derived lipid metabolites that originate from the crosstalk between endocannabinoid and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase metabolic pathways. The ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides are derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to form epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid-ethanolamide (EEQ-EA) and epoxydocosapentaenoic acid-ethanolamide (EDP-EA), respectively. Both EEQ-EAs and EDP-EAs are endogenously present in rat brain and peripheral organs as determined via targeted lipidomics methods. These metabolites were directly produced by direct epoxygenation of the ω-3 endocannabinoids, docosahexanoyl ethanolamide (DHEA) and eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) by activated BV-2 microglial cells, and by human CYP2J2. Neuroinflammation studies revealed that the terminal epoxides 17,18-EEQ-EA and 19,20-EDP-EA dose-dependently abated proinflammatory IL-6 cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines, in part through cannabinoid receptor-2 activation. Furthermore the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides 17,18-EEQ-EA and 19,20-EDP-EA exerted antiangiogenic effects in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and vasodilatory actions on bovine coronary arteries and reciprocally regulated platelet aggregation in washed human platelets. Taken together, the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides’ physiological effects are mediated through both endocannabinoid and epoxyeicosanoid signaling pathways. In summary, the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides are found at concentrations comparable to those of other endocannabinoids and are expected to play critical roles during inflammation in vivo; thus their identification may aid in the development of therapeutics for neuroinflammatory and cerebrovascular diseases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Anti-inflammatory ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides

McDougle

Watson

Abdeen

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

163

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“…Our in vitro experiments focused on the effects of EET and EDP on the retinal endothelial cells alone. Indeed, evidence from other studies suggests that these epoxides may also exert their effects on macrophages and monocytes425070717273. Hence, EET- and EDP-dependent effects on circulating cells may represent an important component of the in vivo pathogenesis that is absent in our in vitro studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Epoxygenated Fatty Acids Inhibit Retinal Vascular Inflammation

Capozzi

Hammer

McCollum

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of elevating epoxygenated fatty acids on retinal vascular inflammation. To stimulate inflammation we utilized TNFα, a potent pro-inflammatory mediator that is elevated in the serum and vitreous of diabetic patients. In TNFα-stimulated primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, total levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), but not epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs), were significantly decreased. Exogenous addition of 11,12-EET or 19,20-EDP when combined with 12-(3-adamantane-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), an inhibitor of epoxide hydrolysis, inhibited VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression and protein levels; conversely the diol product of 19,20-EDP hydrolysis, 19,20-DHDP, induced VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression. 11,12-EET and 19,20-EDP also inhibited leukocyte adherence to human retinal microvascular endothelial cell monolayers and leukostasis in an acute mouse model of retinal inflammation. Our results indicate that this inhibition may be mediated through an indirect effect on NFκB activation. This is the first study demonstrating a direct comparison of EET and EDP on vascular inflammatory endpoints, and we have confirmed a comparable efficacy from each isomer, suggesting a similar mechanism of action. Taken together, these data establish that epoxygenated fatty acid elevation will inhibit early pathology related to TNFα-induced inflammation in retinal vascular diseases.

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“…Differentiation of alternatively activated Mfs in respiratory syncytial virus infection involved LOX pathways (LXA 4 and RvE 1 ) (51). For mouse peritoneal Mfs, EpETrEs (particularly 11,12-EpETrE) regulated polarization by attenuating NF-kB via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a/g and heme oxygenase 1 (52). Via cAMP/cAMP response element binding protein, PGE 2 enhanced M2 polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived Mfs (53).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GM‐CSF– and M‐CSF–primed macrophages present similar resolving but distinct inflammatory lipid mediator signatures

et al. 2017

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M1 and M2 activated macrophages (Mfs) have different roles in inflammation. Because pathogens may first encounter resting cells, we investigated lipid mediator profiles prior to full activation. Human monocytes were differentiated with granulocyte Mf colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or Mf colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which are known to prime toward M1 or M2 phenotypes, respectively. Lipid mediators released during resting conditions and produced in response to bacterial stimuli (LPS/N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or peptidoglycan) were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In resting conditions, both Mf phenotypes released primarily proresolving lipid mediators (prostaglandin E 2 metabolite, lipoxin A 4 , and 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid). A striking shift toward proinflammatory eicosanoids was observed when the same cells were exposed (30 min) to bacterial stimuli: M-CSF Mfs produced considerably more 5-lipoxygenase products, particularly leukotriene C 4 , potentially linked to M2 functions in asthma. Prostaglandins were formed by both Mf types. In the M-CSF cells, there was also an enhanced release of arachidonic acid and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 . However, GM-CSF cells expressed higher levels of 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, and in ionophore incubations these cells also produced the highest levels of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. In summary, GM-CSF and M-CSF Mfs displayed similar proresolving lipid mediator formation in resting conditions but shifted toward different proinflammatory eicosanoids upon bacterial stimuli. This demonstrates that preference for specific eicosanoid pathways is primed by CSFs before full M1/M2 activation.-Lukic, A., Larssen, P., Fauland, A., Samuelsson, B., Wheelock, C. E., Gabrielsson, S., Radmark, O. GM-CSF-and M-CSF-primed macrophages present similar resolving but distinct inflammatory lipid mediator signatures. FASEB J. 31, 4370-4381 (2017). www.fasebj.orgMacrophages (Mfs) orchestrate the inflammatory process from early onset to the resolution phase (1, 2). A major issue in Mf biology is to characterize functional phenotypes, currently described as a heterogeneous spectrum of activated states, from M1 to M2 (3, 4). Stimulating factors, such as cytokines and pathogens, can induce specific phenotypes: originally IFN-g + LPS activation resulted in a proinflammatory M1 state, whereas IL-4 activation induced the alternatively activated M2 state. Polarized cells express distinct markers, such as transcription factors, cytokines, and surface markers; these are the main tools to define Mf phenotypes. A number of transcripts have been reported to differ between M1 and M2 Mfs, including mRNAs for enzymes involved in eicosanoid metabolism (5).Eicosanoids originate from arachidonic acid (AA), released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipases, typically cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) (6). Free AA is further metabolized via 3 enzymatic pathways: lipoxygenase (LO), cyclooxygenase (COX), and cyto...

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Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Regulate Macrophage Polarization and Prevent LPS‐Induced Cardiac Dysfunction

Cited by 72 publications

References 52 publications

Anti-inflammatory ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides

Anti-inflammatory ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides

Epoxygenated Fatty Acids Inhibit Retinal Vascular Inflammation

GM‐CSF– and M‐CSF–primed macrophages present similar resolving but distinct inflammatory lipid mediator signatures

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