Epoxy resin cure. II. FTIR analysis

Smith, Robert E.; Larsen, F.N.; Long, Charles L.

doi:10.1002/app.1984.070291207

Cited by 90 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…This causes the need for an internal reference band 20 and therefore many researchers 19,24,[28][29][30][31] have started using a band associated with a component that remains constant during the curing process as an internal reference peak. Most commonly, aromatic ring absorption peaks are taken to normalise the epoxy and amine peaks as aromatic rings do not participate in polymerization or crosslinking process 11,16 . hence an updated version of Eqn.…”

Section: A/a Max = Adcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different researchers use different peaks for this calculation. which is assigned to C -O stretching vibration in the oxirane ring 5, 11,17,20,21,24 . One example from this category of study is Fraga 26 shows the epoxy conversion calculated using peak 915 cm -1 normalised with the peak 1510 cm -1 which is assigned to phenyl group and also effectively used by other researchers 11,21,26 .…”

Section: Monitoring the Curing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…which is assigned to C -O stretching vibration in the oxirane ring 5, 11,17,20,21,24 . One example from this category of study is Fraga 26 shows the epoxy conversion calculated using peak 915 cm -1 normalised with the peak 1510 cm -1 which is assigned to phenyl group and also effectively used by other researchers 11,21,26 . Wave number (cm-1) tentative band assignment role in quantitative study 3056 Symmetric stretching of C-h of the oxirane ring 24,27 Epoxy peak 24,35 1609 C = C stretching aromatic ring 33 Reference peak 21 1509 C -C stretching of aromatic ring 11,21,26 Reference peak Reference peak 11,20 neighbouring peaks make it hard to get reliable data hence rarely used by any other researchers.…”

Section: Monitoring the Curing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DGEBA can be cured with host of chemicals which include alcohol, phenols, carboxylic acids, amines 8,9 and anhydrides 10 . Among all these hardeners amines are the most commonly used curing agent at room temperature 3,9 as well as at high temperatures 10,11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Quantitative Analysis of Curing Mechanisms of Epoxy Resin by Mid- and Near- Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy

Cholake¹,

Mada²,

Raman³

et al. 2014

DSJ

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This article informs the essence of major work done by a number of researchers on the analysis of two-step curing mechanism of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin in presence of amine curing agents using near-and mid-IR technology. Various peaks used as a marker for resin formation are discussed and their implementation is comprehensively studied. In addition to this, a wide range of information about the importance of reference peaks in both near-IR (NIR) and mid-IR (MIR) regions are congregated and their accuracy is audited. Also discrepancies observed by researchers in epoxy conversion (α) in NIR and MIR regions are reviewed to highlight the comparative advantages of both regions, one over the other.

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Section: A/a Max = Adcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monitoring the Curing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monitoring the Curing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantitative Analysis of Curing Mechanisms of Epoxy Resin by Mid- and Near- Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy

Cholake¹,

Mada²,

Raman³

et al. 2014

DSJ

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show abstract

“…The initiator selected was a boron trifluoride monoethylamine (BF 3 ·MEA) complex, which is known to be an efficient initiator for the homopolymerisation of epoxy resins [35][36][37]. The BF 3 ·MEA and MMT were mixed together in various proportions (to give 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% for BF 3 ·MEA, and 2 wt% and 5 wt% for MMT, both with respect to TGAP) using acetone as a solvent, which was subsequently removed.…”

Section: Tgap-clay System Incorporating Boron Trifluoride Initiatormentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of thermal analysis to the study of epoxy–clay nanocomposites

Hutchinson

2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Aquesta és una còpia de la versió author's final draft d'un article publicat a la revista Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry. AbstractThe development of polymer layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites goes back over 20 years now, and yet they still have not achieved their full potential. A principal reason for this is the difficulty of obtaining a truly exfoliated nanostructure. The fabrication procedure for such PLS nanocomposites based upon epoxy resin includes several stages, including dispersion of the clay in the resin, intercalation of the resin into the clay galleries, and finally curing of the nanocomposite system. Many attempts have been made to improve the degree of exfoliation in the final nanostructure by modifying the procedures involved in these fabrication stages, and the usual approach is to examine the nanostructure, by techniques such as Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), as a function of the fabrication procedure. We show here, however, that thermal analytical techniques, and in particular Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), can complement the techniques of SAXS and TEM in the search for ways in which to achieve improved degrees of exfoliation in PLS nanocomposites based upon epoxy resin.

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Infrared Spectroscopy in Analysis of Polymers and Rubbers

Chalmers

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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The infrared spectrum of a polymer or rubber is a profile of its absorption characteristics plotted against infrared wavenumber (or frequency). It is generated when infrared radiation interacts with the molecular moieties that constitute the polymer or rubber material. It is a distinctive property (a “fingerprint”) of the polymer or rubber sample in the form, manner and environment in which it is being examined. It is based on the absorption of infrared radiation at frequencies that match those of the normal modes of vibration within the macromolecule. These absorption features are characteristic of the molecular configuration, sequencing and conformation, and state of order. Absorptions by internal vibrations predominate in the mid‐infrared region (ca. 4000–400 cm −1 ); they involve a few selected atoms in a molecular (functional) grouping, which is a sub‐set of those constituting the macromolecule. External vibrations, such as lattice vibrations, which involve segments of macromolecules in crystalline regions, tend to occur at low wavenumbers (<400 cm −1 ). The intensity of an absorption band is, to a first approximation, proportional to the number density of vibrating species giving rise to that band. The intensity of an absorption band is related to the dipole moment change associated with the molecular vibration; if it is large then the band intensity will be high. Infrared spectroscopy is highly specific. For some quantitative analyses, it can be very precise and sensitive (<0.1%). It is complemented with Raman spectroscopy, for which the selection rules are different and relate band intensity to the change of polarizability occurring during a molecular vibration. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify and analyse the molecular structure, composition, order and morphology, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of polymers, copolymers and rubbers and their products. However, for heavily filled and plasticized formulations the spectral interferences may be too high to allow direct or adequate interpretation of a spectrum, and separation of the components will be necessary for unambiguous identifications.

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Epoxy resin cure. II. FTIR analysis

Cited by 90 publications

References 8 publications

Quantitative Analysis of Curing Mechanisms of Epoxy Resin by Mid- and Near- Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy

Quantitative Analysis of Curing Mechanisms of Epoxy Resin by Mid- and Near- Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy

The application of thermal analysis to the study of epoxy–clay nanocomposites

Infrared Spectroscopy in Analysis of Polymers and Rubbers

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