Epoxy resin-consolidated stone: appearance change on aging

Ginell, William S.; Coffman, Richard

doi:10.1179/sic.1998.43.4.242

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Epoxy resins are used worldwide as adhesives, as matrices in composites, as surface coatings, as casting materials, and as laminating agents for artwork, longboards, and guitars [1,2,3,4]. Epoxies are also used extensively for glass conservation [5,6], as adhesives and gap-fillers [7,8], and in preservation of outdoor architectural and monumental stone as adhesives and as injection grouts for filling cracks, as well as consolidants for porous, fragile deteriorated stone [9]. In most of these applications, stability of color is of importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy

2018

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Epoxies are often exposed to water due to rain and humid air environments. Epoxy yellows during its service time under these conditions, even when protected from UV radiation. The material’s color is not regained upon redrying, indicating irreversible aging mechanisms. Understanding what causes a discoloration is of importance for applications where the visual aspect of the material is significant. In this work, irreversible aging mechanisms and the cause of yellowing were identified. Experiments were performed using a combination of FT-NIR, ATR-FT-IR, EDX, HR-ICP-MS, pH measurements, optical microscopy, SEM, and DMTA. Such extensive material characterization and structured logic of investigation, provided the necessary evidence to investigate the long-term changes. No chain scission (hydrolysis or oxidation-induced) was present in the studied common DGEBA/HDDGE/IPDA/POPA epoxy, whilst it was found that thermo-oxidation and leaching occurred. Thermo-oxidation involved evolution of carbonyl groups in the polymeric carbon–carbon backbone, via nucleophilic radical attack and minor crosslinking of the HDDGE segments. Four probable reactive sites were identified, and respective reactions were proposed. Compounds involved in leaching were identified to be epichlorohydrin and inorganic impurities but were found to be unrelated to yellowing. Carbonyl formation in the epoxy backbone due to thermo-oxidation was the cause for the yellowing of the material.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy

2018

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“…The existence of the epoxy was also confirmed by the EDS detection of NaCl (point A in Fig. 9), which may have arisen during hardening [4]. Both types of resins were called for in the 1982 design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Inasmuch as the resins were mixed, their chemical composition would be very difficult to ascertain with absolute certainty. One of the resins may be regarded as acrylic given the FTIR identification of C-O and C-H groups, while the presence of N-H and C-N groups in the other denotes an epoxide composition [4,27]. The existence of the epoxy was also confirmed by the EDS detection of NaCl (point A in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The synthetic resins in this mortar were identified on the grounds of the vitreous and viscous appearance of the binder under SEM-SE (Figs 9 and 13) [17][18], the EDS-detected presence of high levels of carbon (C) ( Figs 9, 11 and 13) and the carbonyl group (C=O) revealed by FTIR analysis (Fig. 10) [4,27]. Inasmuch as the resins were mixed, their chemical composition would be very difficult to ascertain with absolute certainty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The need to conserve the cultural heritage has driven the appearance on the market of many restoration products, designed and manufactured primarily to retard stone decay and increase its durability [4][5][6][7]. These products may be: inorganic (such as "lime wash" -Ca(OH) 2 (aq) used in the nineteenth century and presently recovered in the form of nanolime -Ca(OH) 2 alcoholic colloidal nanoparticles [8]) or organic, which may in turn be divided into natural (scantly processed animal or plant substances) or synthetic (primarily highly processed petroleum derivatives) compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of conservation treatments on heritage stone. Characterisation of decay processes in a case study

Varas–Muriel

Pérez-Monserrat

Vázquez-Calvo

et al. 2015

Construction and Building Materials

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Preliminary studies are an imperative when determining the impact of conservation treatments on historical materials. The Romanesque apse on a church at Talamanca de Jarama, Madrid, Spain, whose dolostone was severely decayed by rainwater and salts, was treated in the past with substances that ravaged the restored area. Petrological techniques showed that salts leached out of the cement under the roof onto the stone cornice whose surface had been coated with synthetic resins. During evaporation, the salts precipitated in the stone and underneath the resin, inducing blistering, fissuring, flaking, scaling and detachment of part of the restored decorative elements.

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Epoxy monomers consolidant for lime plaster cured via a redox activated cationic polymerization

Formia

Tulliani

Antonaci

et al. 2014

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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Epoxy resin-consolidated stone: appearance change on aging

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy

Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy

Effect of conservation treatments on heritage stone. Characterisation of decay processes in a case study

Epoxy monomers consolidant for lime plaster cured via a redox activated cationic polymerization

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