Epizootiology of foot and mouth disease in Saudi Arabia : II. Current status on dayry farms and control measures in operation

Epizootiology and Control Measurements of Foot and Mouth Disease (Fmd) in Saudi Arabia From 1999 to 2004

“…Presence of very low morbidity rates due to FMDV serotype O infection in the vaccinated dairy cattle herds are reflect the vaccination breaks which occur periodically in Saudi Arabia. Such FMD vaccination breaks can be explained by the presence of non-or partially-immune cattle due to individual animal variation in the immune response particularly to primary vaccination of yearling's heifers or first lactation cows, which exposed to strong challenge virus evoluted mostly from FMD epidemics outside the dairy farm or sometimes from a carrier foci inside the farm itself as a result of previous exposure to FMD virus infection as reported by Hafez et. al.…”

Foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review

“…Thus, during the 1981 outbreak of FMD at the Assam Zoo in India, where a large number of camel owners because the disease is enzootic in many countries where camelids are indigenous. Saudi Arabia, for example, with a camel population of 800,000, imports approximately 6.5 million live animals every year (mainly sheep and goats) from Africa, Asia and Australasia (16,17,54). Animals from Africa and Asia bring their own strains of the virus, which spread within the nomadic herds of Saudi Arabia and neighbouring countries (57).…”