Epizootic Spread of Schmallenberg Virus among Wild Cervids, Belgium, Fall 2011

Lindén, Annick; Desmecht, Daniël; Volpe, Rosario; Wirtgen, Marc; Grégoire, Fabien; Pirson, Jessica; Paternostre, Julien; Kleijnen, Déborah; Schirrmeier, Horst; Beer, Martin; Garigliany, Mutien-Marie

doi:10.3201/eid1812.121067

Cited by 76 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…The seroprevalence values for SBV, transmitted through culicoides biting midges, were similar to that found (45.9%) in Belgium by Linden et al (2012). In Spain, only two studies have detected SBV positive roe deer (Fern andez-Aguilar et al 2014;D ıaz et al 2015), and the results indicated rapid spread among roe deer since the emergence of virus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Prevalence and distribution of infectious and parasitic agents in roe deer from Spain and their possible role as reservoirs

Morrondo

Pérez-Creo

Prieto

et al. 2016

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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In order to provide up-to-date information about the prevalence of infectious and parasitic agents in Spanish roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), samples from 93 animals hunted from January 2013 to April 2015 were collected and analysed by parasitological, serological and molecular techniques. Sampled animals came from four roe deer populations corresponding to Oceanic, Continental, Mediterranean and Mountainous ecosystems of Spain. Data regarding sex, age and year were also considered. A high percentage of roe deer (95.7%) resulted positive for at least one agent. Sarcocystis spp. was the most frequently diagnosed genus (88.8%), followed by gastrointestinal nematodes (62.9%) and Schmallenberg virus (53.5%). Varestrongylus capreoli (38%), Anaplasma phagocitophylum (34.2%), Eimeria spp. (29.2%), Toxoplasma gondii (25%) and Cephenemyia stimulator (23.8%) displayed medium prevalences and, finally low percentages were registered for Moniezia spp. (6.7%), Dictyocaulus noerneri (2.4%) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (1.5%). No infections by Neospora caninum, Bovine herpesvirus, pestivirus or Coxiella burnetii were found. Climate was significantly associated with the prevalence of T. gondii, C. stimulator and A. phagocitophylum, with higher prevalences in animals from Oceanic and Mediterranean areas. Our results suggest that infections affecting Spanish roe deer, especially those of parasitic aetiology, represent one of the causes of the descent in the abundance of this ungulate in the last years. Moreover, the high prevalence of zoonotic agents such as T. gondii and A. phagocitophylum could also have a great relevance in the environmental and/or Public Health. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Prevalence and distribution of infectious and parasitic agents in roe deer from Spain and their possible role as reservoirs

Morrondo

Pérez-Creo

Prieto

et al. 2016

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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“…20,22 For wild ruminants, there is evidence that both red deer and roe deer have been exposed to Schmallenberg virus and develop an antibody response. 23 However, in this study, there was no evidence for viral RNA in deer or epizootics of congenital malformations. There is also evidence that alpacas kept in areas where Schmallenberg virus is circulating tend to develop an antibody response to the virus, 24 although, to our knowledge, no confirmed cases of clinical disease have been reported in alpacas or other camelids.…”

Section: Clinical Signscontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…23,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83] Surveys of immune responses among the camelids and ruminants at the Royal Veterinary College, London to the Schmallenberg virus have suggested that although only 3% of ruminants were seropositive in July 2012, whilst 62% had been seroconverted by November 2012 (Brownlie et al, personal communication). 24 The clinical implications and reproductive consequences of this are being studied further.…”

Section: Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schmallenberg virus: continuing a trend?

Noad¹,

Brownlie²

2013

VAAT

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Abstract:Since its first isolation in Germany in 2011 the Schmallenberg strain of the Sathuperi virus has been detected across northern Europe. The virus is associated with neurological disease, abortion, and congenital deformities in ruminants, particularly among sheep and cattle. The rapid dissemination of the pathogen is reminiscent of the transmission of another midge-borne arbovirus, Bluetongue virus, which also spread to Europe on several separate occasions between 1998 and 2007. In this review we detail the characteristic features of the Schmallenberg virus and consider whether the virus highlights a European vulnerability for other midge-transmitted pathogens.

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“…In wild ruminants, epizootic spread was demonstrated in red deer and roe deer in Belgium (Linden et al, 2012). Moreover, of surveyed free ranging alpine ruminants, seropositive animals were detected in chamois and red deer (Chiari et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%