Epithermal environments and styles of mineralization: Variations and their causes, and guidelines for exploration

White, Noel C.; Hedenquist, Jeffrey W.

doi:10.1016/0375-6742(90)90063-g

Cited by 311 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The absence of advanced argillic alteration, absence of enargite-luzonite mineralization, the presence of carbonates and abundance of base metal sulfides such as galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite in the Victoria deposit characterize it as a low sulfidation type of gold deposit (White and Hedenquist, 1990).…”

Section: Conditions Of Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto Copper and Gold and the Victoria Gold Deposits, Mankayan Mineral District, Philippines

Claveria¹

2001

Resource Geology

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: Mineral paragenesis of the alteration, ore and gangue minerals of the Lepanto epithermal copper‐gold deposit and the Victoria gold deposit, Mankayan Mineral District, Northern Luzon, Philippines, is discussed. The principal ore minerals of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit are enargite and luzonite, with significant presence of tennantite‐tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. Pervasive alteration zonations are commonly observed from silicification outward to advanced argillic then to propylitic zone. The ore mineralogy of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit suggests high fS2 in the early stages of mineralization corresponding to the deposition of the enargite‐luzonite‐pyrite assemblage. Subsequent decrease in the fS2 formed the chalcopyrite‐tennantite‐pyrite assemblage. An increase in the fS2 of the fluids with the formation of the covellite‐digenite‐telluride assemblage caused the deposition of native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. The principal ore minerals of the Victoria gold deposit are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and native gold/electrum. The alteration halos are relatively narrow and in an outward sequence from the ore, silica alteration grades to illitic‐argillic alteration, which in turn grades to propylitic alteration. The Victoria gold mineralization has undergone early stages of silica supersaturation leading to quartz deposition. Vigorous boiling increased the pH of the fluids that led to the deposition of sulfides and carbonates. The consequent decrease in H2S precipitated the gold. Gypsum and anhydrite mainly occur as overprints that cut the carbonate‐silica stages. The crosscutting and overprinting relationships of the Victoria quartz‐gold‐base metal veins on the Lepanto copper‐gold veins manifest the late introduction of near neutral pH hydrothermal fluids.

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Section: Conditions Of Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto Copper and Gold and the Victoria Gold Deposits, Mankayan Mineral District, Philippines

Claveria¹

2001

Resource Geology

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“…Tellurium in epithermal deposits occurs in telluride minerals, as native tellurium, and as tellurium-bearing sulfosalts in unoxidized ores, as well as in the form of tellurites in secondary ores. Tellurium is enriched in both main subclasses of the epithermal type; that is, the so-called high-sulfidation and low-sulfidation epithermal varieties (for example, White and Hedenquist, 1990). The high-sulfidation subclass, which is spatially associated in many instances with porphyry deposits (Simmons and others, 2005), typically is characterized by an alteration assemblage that includes alunite, kaolinite, quartz, and pyrophyllite.…”

Section: Epithermal Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurium

Goldfarb¹,

Berger²,

George³

et al. 2017

Professional Paper

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Division; available at http://periodic.lanl.gov/images/periodictable.pdf.Cover. Tellurium is a critical component for the development of efficient thin-film photovoltaic cells that are needed for the production of electricity from sunlight. A 2-megawatt, ground-mounted solar photovoltaic array occupies the site of a former landfill at Fort Carson, Colo. Photograph from the U.S. Department of Energy Western Area Power Administration. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/.

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“…Key contributions were made by Hayba and others (1985), who proposed a twofold system for precious-metal epithermal deposits characterized by adularia-sericite (neutral pH) or by alunite ("acid sulfate," or acid pH). In a variant on this theme White and Hedenquist (1990) termed the two classes "low sulfidation" (reduced sulfur) and "high sulfidation" (oxidized). Recently a subdivision of the adularia-sericite class was proposed ) that is based on major differences in ore mineralogy, chemistry, and silver to gold ratios that are consistent with tendencies in the Tonopah quadrangle.…”

Section: Classification and Models Of Silver-gold Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several recent reviews (Hayba and others, 1985;Berger and Henley, 1989;White and Hedenquist, 1990) focus on two dominant epithermal environments, acid and neutral. The acid environment, such as at Paradise Peak, Goldfield, and Summitville, is characterized by intense wallrock leaching, alunite and kaolinite deposition, oxidation, and high total sulfur.…”

Section: Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical signatures of silver and gold deposits, Tonopah 1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada- Description and applications to exploration

Nash¹

1994

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Epithermal environments and styles of mineralization: Variations and their causes, and guidelines for exploration

Cited by 311 publications

References 28 publications

Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto Copper and Gold and the Victoria Gold Deposits, Mankayan Mineral District, Philippines

Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto Copper and Gold and the Victoria Gold Deposits, Mankayan Mineral District, Philippines

Tellurium

Geochemical signatures of silver and gold deposits, Tonopah 1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada- Description and applications to exploration

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