Epithelial Cells Count and the Ratio of Leukocytes and Epithelial Cells as the Criteria to Determine Qualified Specimen for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)-causing Pathogens Identification

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common infectious with serious rate of morbidity and mortality. Recent conventional method only described 30-50% of CAP etiology. Sputum specimen quality assessment is important to obtain an accessible CAP-causing pathogens identification.METHODS: This was a prospective descriptive study involving 100 specimens from CAP-diagnosed subjects in Budhi Asih Regional General Hospital inpatien tcare. We assessed three gram-staining criteria for specimen quality determination, and continued by bacterial identification.RESULTS: All specimens were qualified according to criteria II, while only 94 and 96 specimens were qualified according to criteria I and III, respectively. Sixty-five specimens could be identified by culture and pneumoCLART polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination, and the 35 specimens remained unknown. Ten out of those 35 specimens were positive after analyzed by Acid-fast Bacilli (AFB) test. The pathogens we identified including Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.6%), Acinetobacter baumanii (10.2%), Enterobacter cloacae (4.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.6%), Staphyloccocus aureus (4.6%), Moraxella catarrhalis (3.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2.8%), Escherichia coli (2.8%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.9%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1.9%) and Citrobacter koseri (0.9%).CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences among the three criteria for sputum specimen quality assessment, based on culture and pneumoCLART examination. We suggest that criteria II could be used to avoid many specimen rejections while good quality specimens still attained for accessible bacteria identification.KEYWORDS: community-acquired pneumonia, sputum, gram stain, pathogens, bacteria

Effectiveness of Zingiber officinale to reduce inflammation markers and the length of stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: An open-label clinical trial

“…or site of infection [2,3]. Base on of how pneumonia is acquired, it is categorized into communityacquired, hospital-acquired, healthcare-acquired, or aspiration pneumonia [2,3].…”

“…About 75% of pneumonia patients required hospitalization and 10% of them were admitted to the intensive care unit due to complications such as sepsis, septic shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome [ 1 ]. Pneumonia is classified based on epidemiology, etiology, and predilection or site of infection [ 2 , 3 ]. Base on of how pneumonia is acquired, it is categorized into community-acquired, hospital-acquired, healthcare-acquired, or aspiration pneumonia [ 2 , 3 ].…”

“…Pneumonia is classified based on epidemiology, etiology, and predilection or site of infection [ 2 , 3 ]. Base on of how pneumonia is acquired, it is categorized into community-acquired, hospital-acquired, healthcare-acquired, or aspiration pneumonia [ 2 , 3 ]. A study in Semarang, Indonesia, identified that the most common causal pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are influenza virus, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae [ 3 ].…”

Gambaran Pola Bakteri dan Kepekaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Rawat Inap dengan Pneumonia di Rumah Sakit Paru Dr. M. Goenawan Partowidigdo Periode Januari – Juni 2019

“…Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang yang biasanya memiliki sanitasi kurang baik, masyarakat yang sering mengonsumsi dan memasak menggunakan air yang terkontaminasi meningkatkan risiko penularan pneumonia. 16,17 Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa terdapat tiga bakteri tersering penyebab pneumonia yaitu Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Staphylococcus haemolyticus (Tabel 1). Walaupun memiliki sedikit perbedaan, namun penelitian ini sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Asadullah dkk.…”

The Construction of A Multi-epitope Vaccine Against Klebsiella pneumoniae Using in silico Approach

“…3 In Indonesia, pneumonia ranked as top ten for hospitalization cases in Indonesia. 4 Pneumonia vaccine development have been carried out using various approaches by using outer membrane vesicles, capsular polysaccharides, or inactivated whole cell vaccines. 5 Since there is no live component, multiepitope vaccine method is safer than using live attenuated vaccine/traditional approach.…”