Epistemic Tools and Epistemic Agents in Scientonomy

Abstract

The only subtype of epistemic agent currently recognized within scientonomy is community. The place of both individuals and epistemic tools in the scientonomic ontology is yet to be clarified. This paper extends the scientonomic ontology to include epistemic agents and epistemic tools as well as their relationship to one another. Epistemic agent is defined as an agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements. These stances must be taken intentionally, that is, based on a semantic understanding of the epistemic element in question and its available alternatives, with reason, and for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. I argue that there can be both communal and individual epistemic agents. Epistemic agents are linked by relationships of authority delegation based on their differing areas of expertise. Having established the role of epistemic agents in the process of scientific change, I then turn to the role of epistemic tools, such as a thermometer, a text, or a particle accelerator in epistemic activities. I argue that epistemic tools play a different role in scientific change than do epistemic agents. This role is specified by an agent’s employed method. A physical object or system is an epistemic tool for some epistemic agent if there is a procedure by which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of the agent. An agent is said to rely on such a tool.
 Suggested Modifications
 [Sciento-2019-0014]: Accept the following definition of epistemic agent:
 
 Epsitemic Agent ≡ an agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements.
 
 [Sciento-2019-0015]: Accept that there are two types of epistemic agents – individual and communal. Also accept the following question as a legitimate topic of scientonomic inquiry:
 
 Applicability of the Laws of Scientific Change to Individuals: do the scientonomic laws apply to individual epistemic agents?
 
 [Sciento-2019-0016]: Accept the term epistemic tool, with the following definition:
 
 Epistemic Tool ≡ a physical object or system is an epistemic tool for an epistemic agent, when there is a procedure by which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of that agent.
 
 [Sciento-2019-0017]: Accept the following definition of authority delegation, which generalizes the currently accepted definition to apply to all epistemic agents:
 
 Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to be delegating authority over question x to epistemic agent B iff (1) agent A accepts that agent B is an expert on question x and (2) agent A will accept a theory answering question x if agent B says so.
 
 Also accept the following redefinitions of subtypes of authority delegation, including mutual authority delegation, one-sided authority delegation, singular authority delegation, multiple authority delegation, hierarchical authority delegation, and non-hierarchical authority delegation:
 
 Mutual Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agents A and B are said to be in a relationship of mutual authority delegation iff A delegates authority over question x to B, and B delegates authority over question y to A.
 One-Sided Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agents A and B are said to be in a relationship of one-sided authority delegation iff A delegates authority over question x to B, but B doesn’t delegate any authority to A.
 Singular Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to engage in a relationship of singular authority delegation over question x iff A delegates authority over question x to exactly one epistemic agent.
 Multiple Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to engage in a relationship of multiple authority delegation over question x iff A delegates authority over question x to more than one epistemic agents.
 Hierarchical Authority Delegation ≡ a sub-type of multiple authority delegation where different epistemic agents are delegated different degrees of authority over question x.
 Non-Hierarchical Authority Delegation ≡ a sub-type of multiple authority delegation where different epistemic agents are delegated the same degree of authority over question x.
 
 [Sciento-2019-0018]: Accept the relationship of tool reliance can obtain between epistemic agents and epistemic tools. Accept the following definition of tool reliance:
 
 Tool Reliance ≡ an epistemic agent is said to rely on an epistemic tool when there is a procedure through which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of that agent.

A Diagrammatic Notation for Visualizing Epistemic Entities and Relations

“…An epistemic agent is an agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements based on a semantic understanding of the element and its alternatives. The current scientonomic ontology accepts the existence of two fundamental types of epistemic agentsindividual agents and communal agents (Patton, 2019). While the former category includes individuals such as Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, or Einstein, the latter category includes communal entities that are equally capable of taking epistemic stances, such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the contemporary physics community, or the community of 18 th century French chemists.…”

“…Another relation that can obtain between agents is that of authority delegation (Overgaard & Loiselle, 2016;Patton, 2019):…”

“…This brings us to our first task: identify every entity and relation currently accepted as part of the scientonomic ontology. Central to the scientonomic ontology is the idea of an epistemic agent taking an epistemic stance towards an epistemic element (Barseghyan, 2018;Patton, 2019). As such, any historical record concerning the content of a belief system is a statement of a certain agentindividual or communaltaking a certain stance (e.g., accepting, using, pursuing, employing) towards a certain epistemic element (e.g., a theory, method, question).…”

Disciplines in the Scientonomic Ontology

“…Disciplinary communities are best understood as a species of communal epistemic agent. Patton defines communal epistemic agent as a communal agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements (Patton, 2019;Patton, forthcoming).…”

“…One is the issue of disciplinary communities sharing the goal of producing and promulgating a particular sort of knowledge. A number of scientonomic essays have dealt with the role of communities in the production of knowledge (Overgaard, 2017;Patton, 2019;Palider & McKeen, 2020). The other is the knowledge categories themselves.…”