Episodic remembering in young adults, 73‐year‐olds, and 82‐year‐olds

Bäckman, Lars; Karlsson, Thomas

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1986.tb01210.x

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Note, however, that the overall performance deficit was most pronounced in the two older age groups, and particularly in the oldest one. This result also replicates previous work (e. g., Backman et al, 1987;Backman & Karlsson, 1986), suggesting a gradual decline in memory functioning from early to later stages of late adulthood. The present research was not concerned with determining the locus of the age-related deficit in face recognition memory.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Recent research from our own laboratory suggests that it may be incorrect to generalize data patterns from earlier to later portions of the late adult life span. Backman and Karlsson (1986) showed that whereas 73-year-olds were able to utilize cognitive support in the form of organizational instructions at encoding to improve recall (Hultsch, 1969(Hultsch, , 1971, 82-year-olds did not benefit from pretask suggestions to organize the information. Karlsson et al (1989) demonstrated that although both 73-and 82-yearolds were able to utilize encoding support in the form of motor action during learning (e.g., Backman, 1985b;Dick, Kean, & Sands, 1989), the beneficial effect was greater for 73-than for 82-year-olds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recognition memory across the adult life span: The role of prior knowledge

1991

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Two experiments were performed to investigate the effects of prior knowledge on recognition memory in young adults, younger old adults, 76-year-olds, and 85-year-olds. In Experiment 1, we examined episodic recognition of dated and contemporary famous persons presented as faces, names, and faces plus names. In Experiment 2, four types offaces were presented for later recognition: dated familiar, contemporary familiar, old unfamiliar, and young unfamiliar. The results of both experiments showed that young adults performed better with contemporary than with dated famous persons, whereas the reverse was true for all groups of older adults. In addition, the data of Experiment 2 indicated that (l) young adults showed better recognition for young than for old unfamiliar faces, (2) younger old adults performed better with old than with young unfamiliar faces, and (3) the two oldest age groups showed no effect of age of face. These results suggest that the ability to utilize rich semantic knowledge to improve episodic memory is preserved in very old age, although the aging process may be associated with deficits in the ability to utilize prior knowledge to support memory when the underlying representation lacks semantic and contextual features. The overall data pattern was discussed in relation to the notion that, with increasing adult age, there is an increase in the level of cognitive support required to enhance episodic remembering. Recent reviews of the literature on memory and aging suggest that although older adults are typically impaired in performing tasks that draw on basic episodic memory skills, the magnitude of the age-related deficit in episodic remembering varies greatly as a function of multiple external and subject-related factors (Backman, 1989; Backman, Miintyla, & Herlitz, 1990;. Regarding external factors, several investigators have made the observation that age-related differences in memory performance are pronounced in tasks that involve little cognitive support (e.g., free recall of single words), whereas tasks in which the instructions, the retrieval conditions, or the material itself support the learner in initiating appropriate memory operations show reduced or eliminated age differences (e.g., Backman, 1985aBackman, , 1986Backman & Nilsson, 1984Craik, 1983Craik, , 1985Craik, Byrd, & Swanson, 1987;Hultsch & Pentz, 1980). Although the results of a number of studies indicate that older adults require more cognitive support than young adults do to optimize episodic memory functioning, it should be noted that there are exceptions to this pattern. 63There is research indicating a parallel improvement in young and old adults as a function of increasing cognitive support (e.g., Mitchell, Hunt, & Schmitt, 1986; Rabinowitz & Craik, 1986), and there are studies showing that young adults may be more effective than older adults in utilizing some forms of support (e.g., Kliegl, Smith, & Baltes, 1989;Simon, 1979). Thus, the relationship between degree of cognitive support, age, and memory performance is c...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition memory across the adult life span: The role of prior knowledge

1991

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“…The fmding that the magnitude of age-related differences in recall was reduced with elaborations present during encoding and retrieval is important, because this result confirms the environmental support hypothesis (cf. Craik & Jennings, 1992), and joins other results in the cognitive aging literature that have corroborated the environmental support view of memory aging in other verbal recall paradigms (Backman & Karlsson, 1986;Rabinowitz, 1986;Shaw & Craik, 1989). The failure to find evidence of a special mnemonic benefit of explanatory elaborations at encoding and retrieval for older persons in Experiments lA and IB and in Rankin and Collins (1985) was likely due to insensitivity in the experimental measures, since the older adults' performance was approaching floor in the comparison conditions in these studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Evidence in favor of the environmental support hypothesis would be reflected in a significant age x elaboration condition interaction, where older adults would show a relatively greater memorial benefit from the explanatory elaborations present during encoding and retrieval than younger adults would. Such a finding would be consistent with those of Backman and Karlsson (1986), Cherry and Park (1991), Craik, Byrd, and Swanson (1987), and Shaw and Craik (1989), who have substantiated the environmental support hypothesis in other verbal recall paradigms.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

The effect of verbal elaborations on memory in young and older adults

et al. 1993

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The Stein paradigm was used to examine the circumstances under which verbal elaborations enhance memory in young and older adults. Subjects studied target adjectives that were embedded in one of three sentence contexts that varied in elaboration of the subject-adjective relationship: (1) nonelaborated base sentences; (2) base sentences with semantically consistent, but arbitrary verbal, elaborations; and (3) base sentences with explanatory verbal elaborations that clarified the significance of the subject-adjective relationship. The presence of the elaborations was varied at encoding and retrieval, and cued recall of the target adjectives was tested with incidental and intentional learning procedures. In Experiments lA and lB, explanatory elaborations at encoding and retrieval yielded the largest memorial facilitation for both young and older adults, and the benefit was comparable for the incidental and intentional learning measures. In Experiment 2, age-related differences in recall were minimal with explanatory elaborations at encoding and retrieval, but larger age differences occurred in the nonelaborated comparison conditions. In Experiment 3, explanatory elaborations present at encoding but not at retrieval enhanced recall when the original Stein stimuli were used, but not with the present stimuli. The implications ofthese results with regard to the mnemonic efficacy of verbal elaborations for young and older adults are discussed.

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“…Furthermore, most studies of the effects of priming in the context of normal aging have employed one group of younger subjects and one group of older subjects. However, there is evidence of a progressive memory decline from young‐old adults (in their seventies) to old‐old adults (in their eighties) (Bäckman & Karlsson, 1986; Hultsch, Masson & Small, 1991; Nyberg, Bäckman, Erngrund, Olofsson & Nilsson, 1997; Wahlin, Bäckman & Winblad, 1995) in direct tests. In contrast, Hultsch et al (1991) and Nyberg et al (1997) found no difference between young‐olds and old‐olds using primed word‐stem completion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Primed word‐fragment completion and successive memory test performance in normal aging

Karlsson

Adolfsson

Börjesson

et al. 2003

Scandinavian J Psychology

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Young and old subjects were investigated to examine whether: the effects of priming are influenced by aging; there is independence between primed word-fragment completion and recognition performances; and the dependence between different tests is influenced by aging. A successive test paradigm was employed involving repeated assessment of to-be-remembered words by means of recognition and primed word-fragment completion. The results show that implicit memory declines with increasing age, and that correlations between different memory tests decrease with age. The outcome suggests that age-related memory decline involves several forms of memory, including primed word-fragment completion, and is reflected in correlations between measures of implicit and explicit memory.

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Episodic remembering in young adults, 73‐year‐olds, and 82‐year‐olds

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Recognition memory across the adult life span: The role of prior knowledge

Recognition memory across the adult life span: The role of prior knowledge

The effect of verbal elaborations on memory in young and older adults

Primed word‐fragment completion and successive memory test performance in normal aging

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