Epiretinal membrane: A review

Fung, Adrian T.; Galvin, Justin; Tran, Tuan

doi:10.1111/ceo.13914

Cited by 101 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…Increases in macular CSF thickness and blood vessel tortuosity, such as that observed in the dentist group in this study, are also seen in the development of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) [32,33]. However, no other signs of ERMs, such as increased macular reflectance, changes in the topography of the foveal pit, reduced contrast sensitivity, or reduced MPOD, were observed in the present study [32,34,35]. Similarly, although the broader range of MPOD values in the dentist group than in the control group was consistent with a disturbance of macular pigmentation, other evidence of a disruption of macular pigmentation, such as the mottling associated with AMD, was not observed [36].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 40%

The potential retinal hazards of curing light use for dentists

Putnam¹,

Thomas²,

Liao³

et al. 2021

Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom

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Background: Many recent studies have focused on the potential hazards of blue light exposure to ocular health. One group with a unique blue light exposure risk is dentists, who use curing lights that emit intense blue light during restorative procedures. During these procedures, dentists often experience brief ocular exposure to these lights. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether such exposures may have an effect on the vision and ocular health of dentists. Methods: A group of 12 dentists who had experienced curing light exposure over a period of 10 or more years were compared to a group of eight control subjects with no such exposure. The subjects were tested for visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Their retinas were examined using fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography. Macular pigment optical density was measured. The likelihood that brief blue light exposure could lead to ocular effects was further explored by subjecting a retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) line to such exposures. Results: Although no visual defects or ocular pathologies were found in either group, the dentist group differed from the control group in having increased macular thickness (P < 0.02), a higher incidence of macular vessel tortuosity (P < 0.05), and greater variance in their macular pigment optical density values (P < 0.01). RPE cells that received blue light exposure similar to those sustained by dentists demonstrated a change in physiology. Conclusions: Retinal changes were found in dentists, which, while not pathological in themselves, are associated with some retinal pathologies. Further studies are necessary to determine whether these signs correlate with the degree of curing light exposure and to determine whether they eventually develop into pathological conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 40%

The potential retinal hazards of curing light use for dentists

Putnam¹,

Thomas²,

Liao³

et al. 2021

Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom

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“…Fibrosis has been described in diverse retinal diseases and contributes to disease progression 39 (e.g., subretinal fibrosis secondary to AMD 62 or fibrotic epiretinal membranes 63 ). Interestingly, we also observed fibrosis in our AAV-TNF-α driven model, however, in contrast to AMD, we did not observe subretinal fibrosis, but rather the development of a fibrotic epiretinal membrane-like layer in the inner retina.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Validation of In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Investigate TNF-α-Induced Inflammation in Retinal Diseases

Weigelt

Zippel

Fuchs

et al. 2022

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose Inflammation is implicated in the etiology of diverse retinopathies including uveitis, age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a well-known proinflammatory cytokine that is described as a biomarker for inflammation in diverse retinopathies and therefore emerged as an interesting target to treat inflammation in the eye by neutralizing anti-TNF-α antibodies. Methods Recently, we have demonstrated that Adeno-associated virus (AAV)–mediated expression of human TNF-α in the murine eye induces retinal inflammation including vasculitis and fibrosis, thereby mimicking human disease-relevant pathologies. In a proof-of-mechanism study, we now tested whether AAV-TNF-α induced pathologies can be reversed by neutralizing TNF-α antibody treatment. Results Strikingly, a single intravitreal injection of the TNF-α antibody golimumab reduced AAV-TNF-α–induced retinal inflammation and retinal thickening. Furthermore, AAV-TNF-α–mediated impaired retinal function was partially rescued by golimumab as revealed by electroretinography recordings. Finally, to study TNF-α-induced vasculitis in human in vitro cell culture assays, we established a monocyte-to-endothelium adhesion co-culture system. Indeed, also in vitro TNF-α induced monocyte adhesion to human retinal endothelial cells, which was prevented by golimumab. Conclusions Overall, our study describes valuable in vitro and in vivo approaches to study the function of TNF-α in retinal inflammation and demonstrated a preclinical proof-of-mechanism treatment with golimumab. Translational Relevance The AAV-based model expressing human TNF-α allows us to investigate TNF-α–driven pathologies supporting research in mechanisms of retinal inflammation.

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“…A previous study observed epiretinal proliferation at the vitreoretinal interface in RVO eyes [29]. Meanwhile, other studies showed that immunity and inflammation in the retina were involved in complications secondary to RVO, such as ERM and retinal atrophy [3,21,[30][31][32]. However, we excluded RVO eyes with ERM in this study in order to reduce the impact on images and MLC count.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Macrophage-like Cell Density in Retinal Vein Occlusion as Characterized by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Wang¹,

Sun²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objectives: To quantitatively analyze macrophage-like cells (MLCs) at the vitreoretinal interface in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA).Methods: The study included 72 RVO patients, with 43 acute patients and 29 chronic patients. For a normal control, 64 fellow eyes were included. MLCs were visualized in a 5μm en face OCT slab above the vitreoretinal interface centered on the fovea. After semi-automatic binarization and quantification, we evaluated the MLC count and density among groups. We also investigated the MLC density and distribution relative to retinal edema.Results: Morphological changes and congregation of MLCs appeared in RVO eyes. The MLC density of both the acute and chronic groups was significantly higher than that of the control eyes (p<0.001). In the acute group, the MLC density of the edematous region was lower than both the non-edematous region (p<0.001) and the whole image (p<0.01). The MLC density in acute eyes was negatively correlated to central fovea thickness (CFT) (r=-0.352, p<0.05). The MLC density in chronic eyes was positively correlated to CFT and mean retina thickness (MRT) (r=0.406, P<0.05; r=0.412, P<0.05, respectively).Conclusions: SS-OCTA is a viable and simple method for the characterization of MLCs at the vitreoretinal interface. A significant increase in the MLC density in both acute and chronic eyes implicates the activation and recruitment of MLCs in RVO and that the MLC density and distribution can be affected by retinal edema.

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Epiretinal membrane: A review

Cited by 101 publications

References 157 publications

The potential retinal hazards of curing light use for dentists

The potential retinal hazards of curing light use for dentists

Characterization and Validation of In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Investigate TNF-α-Induced Inflammation in Retinal Diseases

Increased Macrophage-like Cell Density in Retinal Vein Occlusion as Characterized by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

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