The development of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) has become a growing concern over the past decade, because of the increase in the percentage of long-term survivors of primary malignancy. We reviewed 17 cases with etoposide-related acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) reported in the literature. The close association between treatment with etoposide for Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and the development of etoposide-related APL was demonstrated among Japanese and Italians. Our data on the breakpoints (b/ps) of the PML and RAR␣ genes are presented. It is suggested that chromatin structure might be more important than specific consensus sequence in the distribution of b/ps in etoposide-related APL. Keywords: acute promyelocytic leukemia; therapy-related leukemia; etoposide; PML-RAR␣; Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Etoposide-related acute promyelocytic leukemiaThe development of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) has become a growing concern over the past decade, because of the increase in the percentage of long-term survivors of primary malignancy.From the beginning, alkylating agents and radiation have been suspected as the cause of t-AML. In 1991, compared with chemotherapy including alkylating agents, etoposideassociated secondary leukemia was characterized by the following: a shorter latency period, the absence of prolonged myelodysplasia, an M4 or M5 phenotype, and abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23. 1,2 Among the patients with etoposide-related AML, Pedersen-Bjergaard et al 3-7 revealed a high frequency of translocations involving chromosome band 11q23 and 21q22. More recently, t-AML with other balanced translocations such as t(15;17), t(8;21), inv(16), t(8;16), and t(9;22) was also reviewed. 8,9 Since the initial case reports in the 1980s of t-AML following treatment with etoposide, more than 150 such instances have been reported.
Topoisomerase-II inhibitors and therapy-related acute myeloid leukemiaEtoposide, inhibitor of the intranuclear enzyme topoisomerase-II (Topo-II), has been used widely as an anticancer drug. Topo-II is able to pass one DNA duplex through another by introducing double-strand breaks in a DNA segment. Normally, the DNA strand breaks produced by Topo-II are quickly resealed. However, in the presence of Topo-II inhibitors the strand breaks persist and the enzyme/DNA complex remains Correspondence: T Naoe, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagoya University Hospital, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Fax: 81 52 744 2801 Received 24 October 1997; accepted 9 April 1998 stable.10 It was proposed that nonhomologous recombination, which was mediated by Topo-II, resulted in chromosomal translocations involving cellular oncogene.
11The DNA cleavage sites by Topo-II were studied in vitro using naked DNA, and a consensus sequence has been proposed.12,13 However, when the cleavage sites were studied in cultured CCRF-CEM cells exposed to etoposide, they seemed to be associated with the V(D)J recombinase recognition sequences of intron 1 and 3 of...