Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract

ReuseUnless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.toxicity is due to the diatom culture conditions in the laboratory or that cases of toxicity are exceptions, owing to the species or strains maintained in laboratory cultures being unrepresentative of natural field populations.However, any explanation for the discrepancy between the laboratory and field results does not affect our conclusion. The range of areas and copepod and diatom species considered in this study provide strong evidence that, under natural environmental conditions, there is no negative effect of diatoms on copepod hatching success. We conclude that there is no need to revise existing conceptual models of energy transfer from phytoplankton, through copepods, to fish in diatom-dominated systems.A Methods Hatching successEggs for the hatching success measurements were obtained from females incubated in filtered or natural sea water (depending on the species, some copepods stop spawning in filtered sea water) during the first 12-24 h after capture 18 . The intention was to minimise the effect of the incubation conditions to obtain hatching rates representative of the field values. From the egg production experiments 30-100 eggs were selected randomly and gently transferred to 60-ml tubes filled with filtered sea water. The samples were incubated, at sea surface temperature, for periods ranging from 48 to 96 h (depending on the temperature). After the incubation period, the samples were examined microscopically to determine the number of nauplii and unhatched eggs. Microplankton identification and biomassWater samples for identification of microplankton (.2 mm, nanoplankton plus microplankton) species and carbon estimation were collected generally at the chlorophyll maximum depth and preserved with 1% final concentration of Lugol's iodine solution 19 . Subsamples (100 ml) were settled (Utermöhl technique) and counted with an inverted microscope. Phytoplankton carbon biomass was estimated from cell volume 20 and using a factor of 0.21 pg C mm 23 (ref. 21) for ciliates. Heterotrophic dinoflagellates were separated from autotrophic forms according to taxonomic considerations 22 .

Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Networks and Mycoheterotrophic Plants of Tropical Forests: A Stable Isotope Analysis

“…AMF are obligate biotrophic fungi that belong to Glomeromycota and evolved mycorrhizal symbioses independently from Basidiomycetes (Smith and Read, 2008;Sanders and Croll, 2010). Few AMFassociated MH plants (AMF-MH) have been investigated so far, and studies have focused on mycorrhizal morphology (Imhof, 2009) and identification of AMF partners (Bidartondo et al, 2002;Franke et al, 2006;Merckx and Bidartondo, 2008). Two features limit the use of stable isotopes in AMF-MH.…”

Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in high altitude sites of the Patagonian Altoandina region in Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina)

“…Previous reports carried out in steppes, forests, and high-mountain regions of Patagonia had focussed on root colonization and had indicated that most plant species are colonized by AMF (Fontenla et al 1998;Bidartondo et al 2002;Fernández & Fontenla 2010;Nouhra et al 2011). Our study -therefore representing the first assessment of the species of AMF spores in soils of this region that has spanned different environments and altitudes -evidenced a diverse AMF community associated with a variety of plant hosts.…”

Molecular identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots: Perspectives and problems

“…This system, which was recently used to identify the fungal symbionts of mycoheterotrophic plants (BIDARTONDO et al 2002), will be presented in more detail below.…”

“…Some AMF from Glomus group A were found to have mismatches in the GLOMI310 priming site. In these cases, the combination NS5-GLOM5.8R proved to be useful (BIDARTONDO et al 2002).…”

“…We have now begun to study the AMF within the roots produced in the trap cultures by molecular methods, and to compare them to AMF from roots obtained directly from the respective field sites. Due to host preference (HELGASON et al 2002, BIDARTONDO et al 2002 or environmental factors, not all fungi present in the original field soil may colonize the respective trap plants. This may influence the set of AMF species recovered from the trap cultures (JANSA et al 2002).…”