Epinephrine and the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex. Influence on capacitive and resistive properties of the total systemic vascular bed of the dog.

Shoukas, Artin A.; Brunner, M. J.

doi:10.1161/01.res.47.2.249

Cited by 63 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Because reflex blockade caused a 5.6 ml/kg increase in dog blood volume, there must have been a significant venous tone under the control conditions. The total response to 11.6 mI/kg (6±5.6) for reflex changes in vascular capacitance is similar to that reported by 23 from the baroreceptor reflex. Nonetheless reflex activity would appear to account for less than half of the total potential blood volume redistribution in response to peripheral blood flow changes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Autoregulation of cardiac output by passive elastic characteristics of the vascular capacitance system.

Rothe

Gaddis

1990

Circulation

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After a change in cardiac output, the magnitude of potential blood volume redistribution was investigated in 10 dogs anesthetized with chloralose. All of the venous return was pumped into a reservoir, using servocontrolled pumps to maintain fixed superior and inferior vena cava pressures. The cardiac output was set at various levels by pumping from the reservoir into the right atrium. Changes in reservoir volume were assumed to reflect the changes in vascular blood volume. After measuring the control responses, cardiovascular reflexes were blocked with hexamethonium. Reducing the cardiac output, for example, from 110 to 80 ml/(min kg) with reflexes intact, caused a 9.2-mllkg transfer of blood from the dog to the reservoir. With reflexes blocked, the same change in cardiac output caused 6.8 ml/kg of the blood to be transferred. Under the control conditions, throughout the range of 50-140 ml/(minkg), an increase or decrease of cardiac output of 1 ml/(min.kg) elicited a 0.304±0.086 (mean±+SD) ml/kg change in dog blood volume; with reflexes blocked, the flow sensitivity was 0.239±0.062 ml/kg. Thus, only 21% of the total blood volume redistribution was attributable to active reflex responses. Deterioration of the preparation may have attenuated the magnitude of active reflex activity. Neither the systemic vascular compliance of 1.80±0.35 mi/mm Hg.kg nor the fraction of venous return from the superior vena cava of 26.5 ±4.6% was significantly changed by reflex blockade. Passive blood volume redistribution between the peripheral vasculature and the heart after changes in blood flow, such as from changes in cardiac function, provides a more powerful compensatory mechanism to maintain the cardiac output than do active reflex changes in vascular capacitance. (Circulation 1990;81:360-368) P assive elastic characteristics of the veins, in conjunction with finite venous resistances, provide a powerful, nonreflex mechanism for the control of cardiac output.1 This mechanism is of great importance for cardiovascular homeostasis, but its magnitude has not been well documented. If the heart weakens so that cardiac output and peripheral blood flow decrease, then there will be a transient decrease in the distending pressure in the systemic veins because of the decreased flow through the peripheral tissue and the decreased pressure gradient across the venous resistances. Passive recoil of the veins then acts to transfer blood to the heart to increase the central venous pressure and cardiac filling, thus restoring cardiac output -an autoregulation of cardiac output that is independent of cardiovascular reflexes. The effect is equivalent to a blood transfusion after a decrease in cardiac function.The concept of a volume redistribution as a consequence of regional flow changes was described a century ago.2 Furthermore, Krogh3 proposed that an increased splanchnic vascular resistance that reduces splanchnic blood flow, could lead to an increase in cardiac output because of the transfer of blood from the splanchnic bed to increase fil...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Autoregulation of cardiac output by passive elastic characteristics of the vascular capacitance system.

Rothe

Gaddis

1990

Circulation

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“…This agrees well with the average gain of 0.231 for carotid sinus reflex control of resistance reported here. In other experiments in which cardiac pumping and vascular capacity were also included, we have reported average carotid sinus gains to be 0.67 (Brunner et al, 1982) and 0.5 (Shoukas and Brunner, 1980). Several investigators have reported carotid and aortic reflex gains on resistance of isolated hindlimbs, rather than the resistance of the entire systemic vascular bed.…”

Section: Brunner Et Al/carotid and Aortic Reflex Interactionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The model also contains higher order carotid sinus and aortic arch terms to account for threshold and saturation behavior of arterial pressure and carotid sinus pressure (Martin et al, 1969;Shoukas and Brunner, 1980), and arterial pressure and aortic arch pressure (Angell- James and Daly, 1970a;Donald and Edis, 1971). A consequence of including these higher order terms is that the shape of the arterial pressure-receptor pressure relationship is sigmoidal.…”

Section: Statistical Model and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of canine carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreflexes in the control of total peripheral resistance.

Brunner¹,

Greene²,

Kallman³

et al. 1984

Circulation Research

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SUMMARY. Interaction of carotid sinus and aortic arch reflex control of total peripheral resistance was studied in eight dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and placed on constant flow cardiac bypass. Carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptor areas were isolated and separately perfused at controlled pressures. Combinations of carotid sinus and aortic arch pressures were delivered at random in steps of 25 mm Hg over the 50-225 mm Hg pressure range, and systemic arterial pressure was measured. Changes in arterial pressure reflected changes in total peripheral resistance. A multiple linear regression showed that both carotid sinus and aortic arch pressures exhibited a sigmoidal relationship with arterial pressure. Independent of carotid and aortic baroreceptor pressures, arterial pressure was found to be a periodic function of time (period = 2 hours) in all dogs. The average carotid sinus reflex open loop gain was found to be 0.231 ± 0.092, while average aortic arch open loop gain was 0.141 ± 0.088. The gain of either the carotid sinus or aortic arch reflex was not influenced by the absolute pressure level of the other receptor area. In a separate series of experiments performed in the same dogs, we tested the hypothesis that a nonlinear temporal summation of the reflex control of total peripheral resistance might exist when the inputs to carotid and aortic baroreceptors are changed simultaneously. With both inputs held at the region of maximum gain, 25 mm Hg step changes were imposed first on carotid sinus pressure, then on aortic arch pressure, and then on both simultaneously. A temporal inhibition of the two reflexes showed that simultaneous excitation of both receptors resulted in a smaller reflex response than the sum of individual responses. (Cue Res 55: 740-750, 1984) HIGH pressure arterial baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch send information on arterial pressure to the medulla by two different afferent pathways. The central nervous system receives and integrates these signals, and sends efferent signals to the cardiovascular system which influence the arterial blood pressure. How the signals from the carotid sinus and aortic arch interact and are integrated has been the subject of many studies (Glick and Covell, 1968; Daly, 1970a, 1970b;Donald and Edis, 1971;Hosomi and Sagawa, 1979;Kendrick et al., 1979;Guo et al., 1982; Isikawa and Sagawa, 1983). Despite these studies, the degree of interaction of the two reflex systems has not been resolved. The different modalities of stimulation to each receptor area, and the differences in species used, could account for some of the discrepancies in results. Because of the technical difficulty in forcing the aortic arch with a natural stimulus, only a few investigators have simultaneously and independently perturbed both the carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptors with changes in pressures in those regions Daly, 1970a, 1970b;Donald and Edis, 1971).Two types of interaction can exist between reflex systems. The first type, which w...

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“…SHOUKAS and SAGAWA (1973) reported that pressure change from 200 to 75 mmHg in the isolated carotid sinuses of vagotomized dogs resulted in a total blood mobilization of approximately 7.5 ml/kg from the total systemic vascular beds. By either decrease or increase in intrasinus pressure in a 50-125 mmHg range, the blood volume change in the total systemic vascular bed was 7.3 ml/kg (SHOUKAS and BRUNNER, 1980). HAINSWORTH and KARIM (1976) and KARIM et al (1978) demonstrated that by decreasing the isolated carotid sinus pressure from approximately 220 to 60 mmHg, the blood volume mobilized from the abdominal vascular bed in vagotomized dogs was approximately 5.0 ml/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Blood mobilization by regional vascular beds during cerebral ischemic pressor response in rabbits.

Takeuchi

Miyakawa

1984

Jpn.J.Physiol

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The mobilization of blood volume from regional vascular beds during cerebral ischemic pressor response was studied in anesthetized rabbits. The visceral beds of the kidney, jejunum, and liver served as volume reservoirs from which blood was mobilized during cerebral ischemia. The renal bed gave the largest volume decrease, from 24 to 13 %. The magnitude of weight change in the renal and intestinal regions varied in parallel to the volemic state of the animal. Superimposition of pressure oscillation on the systemic pressor response was created by progressive restriction of the blood supply to the brain. Regional tissue weights also oscillated with a period equal to that seen in arterial pressure but almost 180° out of phase. Such variations gave evidence of active venoconstriction in the reservoir response of all regional beds except the hind paw. The responses noted in the hind paw were passive except during complete restriction of the blood flow to the brain. Autoregulation of skeletal muscle and especially liver volume was present with moderate elevations in systemic arterial pressure.

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Epinephrine and the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex. Influence on capacitive and resistive properties of the total systemic vascular bed of the dog.

Abstract: properties of the total systemic vascular bed of the dog.Epinephrine and the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex. Influence on capacitive and resistive

Cited by 63 publications

References 20 publications

Autoregulation of cardiac output by passive elastic characteristics of the vascular capacitance system.

Autoregulation of cardiac output by passive elastic characteristics of the vascular capacitance system.

Interaction of canine carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreflexes in the control of total peripheral resistance.

Blood mobilization by regional vascular beds during cerebral ischemic pressor response in rabbits.

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