Epileptic baboons have lower numbers of neurons in specific areas of cortex

Young, Nicole A.; Szabó, C. Ákos; Phelix, Clyde F.; Flaherty, David K.; Balaram, Pooja; Foust-Yeoman, Kallie B.; Collins, Christine E.; Kaas, Jon H.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1318894110

Cited by 25 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Notably, granular frontal cortex is thought to be a specialization of the primate brain (26) that appears to be important in working memory (50). Our present results are consistent with the conclusion that granular frontal cortex is not uniform in function (28), and the region of particularly dense neuron packing in frontal cortex may be a specialization of primates that occurs to a lesser extent in Old World macaques (1) and baboons (40), is especially marked in chimpanzees, and is likely in humans.…”

Section: Does Neuron Packing In Chimpanzee Cortex Reflect a Developmesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Our results allow detailed comparisons with similar maps of flattened neocortex in macaques and baboons (1,2,40). In these primates, V1 had the highest neuron densities, as much as three to six times that of most cortical regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…We determined the number of cells in each tissue piece, using the isotropic fractionator method (36). The flow fractionator method was used to estimate of the total number of neuron nuclei labeled with the anti-NeuN antibody and DAPI in each tissue piece, as previously described in detail (1,2,34,35,40).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere

Collins

Turner

Sawyer

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The density of cells and neurons in the neocortex of many mammals varies across cortical areas and regions. This variability is, perhaps, most pronounced in primates. Nonuniformity in the composition of cortex suggests regions of the cortex have different specializations. Specifically, regions with densely packed neurons contain smaller neurons that are activated by relatively few inputs, thereby preserving information, whereas regions that are less densely packed have larger neurons that have more integrative functions. Here we present the numbers of cells and neurons for 742 discrete locations across the neocortex in a chimpanzee. Using isotropic fractionation and flow fractionation methods for cell and neuron counts, we estimate that neocortex of one hemisphere contains 9.5 billion cells and 3.7 billion neurons. Primary visual cortex occupies 35 cm 2 of surface, 10% of the total, and contains 737 million densely packed neurons, 20% of the total neurons contained within the hemisphere. Other areas of high neuron packing include secondary visual areas, somatosensory cortex, and prefrontal granular cortex. Areas of low levels of neuron packing density include motor and premotor cortex. These values reflect those obtained from more limited samples of cortex in humans and other primates.

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Section: Does Neuron Packing In Chimpanzee Cortex Reflect a Developmesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

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Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere

Collins

Turner

Sawyer

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The most detailed studies of the densities of neurons across the cortical sheet involve estimates made from many locations, most recently 742 pieces of cortex from a hemisphere of a chimpanzee [Collins et al, 2016], and previous counts from a single macaque, three baboons (and two epileptic baboons), one New World squirrel monkey, and two galagos [Collins et al, 2010a;Young et al, 2013b]. We extend these observations here to examine neuron surface density in detail across three species of Old World macaque monkeys.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Cases 10-50 and 12-58 were obtained after unrelated experiments at Vanderbilt University. Young et al [2013b] reported data for baboon cases 09-27 and 11-31, and those cell and neuron numbers are referenced and displayed in figures here for comparison. Table 1 summarizes specific details on the species, age, sex, hemisphere, and size specifications of each case.…”

Section: Tissue and Cortex Dissectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributions of Cells and Neurons across the Cortical Sheet in Old World Macaques

et al. 2016

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According to previous research, cell and neuron densities vary across neocortex in a similar manner across primate taxa. Here, we provide a more extensive examination of this effect in macaque monkeys. We separated neocortex from the underlying white matter in 4 macaque monkey hemispheres (1 Macaca nemestrina, 2 Macaca radiata, and 1 Macaca mulatta), manually flattened the neocortex, and divided it into smaller tissue pieces for analysis. The number of cells and neurons were determined for each piece across the cortical sheet using flow cytometry. Primary visual cortex had the most densely packed neurons and primary motor cortex had the least densely packed neurons. With respect to differences in brain size between cases, there was little variability in the total cell and neuron numbers within specific areas, and overall trends were similar to what has been previously described in Old World baboons and other primates. The average hemispheric total cell number per hemisphere ranged from 2.9 to 3.7 billion, while the average total neuron number ranged from 1.3 to 1.7 billion neurons. The visual cortex neuron densities were predictably higher, ranging from 18.2 to 34.7 million neurons/cm² in macaques, in comparison to a range of 9.3-17.7 million neurons/cm² across cortex as a whole. The results support other evidence that neuron surface densities vary across the cortical sheet in a predictable pattern within and across primate taxa.

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Animal Models of Photosensitivity: Clinical Significance and Windows into Mechanisms

Szabó

Fischer²

2020

The Importance of Photosensitivity for Epilepsy

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Epileptic baboons have lower numbers of neurons in specific areas of cortex

Cited by 25 publications

References 58 publications

Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere

Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere

Distributions of Cells and Neurons across the Cortical Sheet in Old World Macaques

Animal Models of Photosensitivity: Clinical Significance and Windows into Mechanisms

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