Epidural spread of iohexol following the use of air or saline in the ‘loss of resistance’ test

Distribution of Contrast Medium Epidurally Injected at Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebral Segments

“…Although the relationship between the spread of contrast medium and the extent of neural blockade is controversial [10,15], yokoyama et al reported the clear correlation between contrast medium distribution and blockade extent in humans. In addition, epidurography has been used to evaluate the distribution of the drugs administered epidurally in animals [4,6,12]. Therefore, the results obtained in the present study suggest that the distribution of the drug administered epidurally from the thoracic vertebral level and the lumbar vertebral level is different, and additionally support the possible use of thoracic epidural anesthesia in thoracic and cranial abdominal surgeries in dogs.…”

“…It has been also used to observe the pattern of spread in animals [4,6,12]. Computed tomographic (CT) epidurography provides better insight into the morphology of the epidural space compared with radiography, and it allows for tomographic imaging of the spinal cord [4].…”

“…A dose of 0.2 ml/kg of iohexol (140 mgI/ml Omnipaque; Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was injected epidurally through the catheter attached to a syringe pump (TOP syringe pump TOP-5500; TOP Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at a rate of 0.01 ml/sec [4]. The volume of iohexol (0.2 ml/kg) was chosen, because this volume of local anesthetic is commonly used for abdominal and orthopedic surgeries caudal to the diaphragm [11].…”

The effect of epidural injection speed on epidural pressure and distribution of solution in anesthetized dogs

“…The longitudinal distribution along the epidural canal was determined using transectional images, and ED was counted by the number of distributed vertebrae from the L7 vertebra: L7 = 1, L6 = 2, L5 = 3, and so forth, up to C1 = 27 (Iseri et al. ). The vertebra was included when the contrast medium was spread over more than a half of the vertebra.…”

The volume effect of lidocaine on thoracic epidural anesthesia in conscious Beagle dogs

“…In particular, epidurography using CT shows not only the longitudinal distribution along the epidural canal but also the transectional distribution around the spinal cord (Iseri et al. ; Son et al. ), which facilitated verification of the volume effect on bilateral ED of iohexol in this study.…”