Epidermal Thickness at Different Body Sites: Relationship to Age, Gender, Pigmentation, Blood Content, Skin Type and Smoking Habits

Sandby-Møller, Jane; Poulsen, Thomas; Wulf, Hans Christian

doi:10.1080/00015550310015419

Cited by 597 publications

(457 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Statistical analysis on the data indicates that the mean emissivity of males over all measurements locations is higher than that of females by ∼0.02. This supports the knowledge that on average the skin of males is thicker than that of females [31][32][33].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Estimating the sample mean emissivity values for the 36 males and 24 females separately for all measurement locations indicates that the difference between male and female emissivity is ∼0.02. This finding is consistent with the skin of males being thicker than that of females [31][32][33]. Experimental measurements of the differences in the emissivity between dry and wet skins on the palm of hand and back of hand regions indicate that radiometric sensitivity over the frequency band 80-100 GHz is sufficient to sense surfaces attached to the human skin.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…The measurements show that the average of male participants' emissivity is higher than the average of the female participants' emissivity. This is consistent with the fact that male skin is thicker than that of female skin for all ages [31][32][33]. This can be supported with the measurements presented in Figures 6 to 11.…”

Section: Comparison Between Male and Female Skin Signaturessupporting

confidence: 80%

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Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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Abstract-Due to changes in global security requirements attention is turning to new means by which anomalies on the human body might be identified. For security screening systems operating in the millimeter wave band anomalies can be identified by measuring the emissivities of subjects. As the interaction of millimeter waves with the human body is only a fraction of a millimeter into the skin and clothing has a small, but known effect, precise measurement of the emission and reflection of this radiation will allow comparisons with the norm for that region of the body and person category. A technique to measure the human skin emissivity in vivo over the frequency band 80 GHz to 100 GHz is developed and described. The mean emissivity values of the skin of a sample of 60 healthy participants (36 males and 24 females) measured using a 90 GHz calibrated radiometer were found to range from 0.17±0.005 to 0.68±0.005. The lower values of emissivity are a result of measuring particularly thin skin on the inner wrist, volar side of the forearm, and back of hand, whereas higher values of emissivity are results of measuring thick skin on the outer wrist, dorsal surface of the forearm, and palm of hand. The mean differences in the emissivity between Asian and European male participants were calculated to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.11 over all measurement locations. Experimental measurements of the emissivity for male and female participants having normal and high body mass index indicate that the mean differences in the emissivity are in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 for all measurement locations. These results show the quantitative variations in the skin emissivity between locations, gender, and individuals. The mean differences in the emissivity values between dry and wet skin on the palm of hand and back of hand regions were found to be 0.143 and 0.066 respectively. These results confirm that radiometry can, as a non-contact method, identify surfaces attached to the human skin in tens of seconds. These results indicate a route to machine anomaly detection that may increase the through-put speed, the detection probabilities and reduce the false alarm rates in security screening portals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Comparison Between Male and Female Skin Signaturessupporting

confidence: 80%

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Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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“…In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy has been previously used on humans and other mammals to measure endogenous autofluorescent species of skin and other tissues (Leffell et al 1988;Kollias et al 1998;Brancaleon et al 1999;Gillies et al ., 2000;Doukas et al ., 2001;Na et al ., 2001;Sandby-Moller et al ., 2003). Fluorescent species that are common in many biological tissues include the aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine), cross-linked collagen and elastin, lipofuscin, NADH, and FAD.…”

Section: Autofluorescent Species Can Be Measured In Living C Elegansmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivospectrofluorimetry reveals endogenous biomarkers that report healthspan and dietary restriction inCaenorhabditis elegans

et al. 2005

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SummaryAutofluorescent lipofuscin and advanced glycation end-products (age pigments) accumulate with age across phyla, yet little is understood about their formation under physiological conditions and their specific contributions to the aging process. We used in vivo spectrofluorimetry to quantitate autofluorescence in wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans and longevity mutants disrupted for distinct aspects of the aging process. In wild-type animals, age pigments increase into adulthood, accumulating slowly during the reproductive phase and more rapidly during the post-reproductive period. As in humans, insulin signaling influences age pigment accumulation -mutations that lower efficacy of insulin signaling and extend lifespan [ daf-2 ( e1370 ) insulin receptor and age-1 ( hx546 ) PI3-kinase] dramatically lower age pigment accumulation; conversely, elimination of the insulin-inhibited DAF-16/ FOXO transcription factor causes a huge increase in age pigment accumulation, supporting that the short-lived daf-16 null mutant is truly progeric. By contrast, mutations that increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production do not affect age pigment accumulation, challenging assumptions about the role of oxidative stress in generating these species in vivo . Dietary restriction reduces age pigment levels significantly and is associated with a unique spectral shift that might serve as a rapidly scored reporter of the dietary restricted state. Unexpectedly, genetically identical siblings that age poorly (as judged by decrepit locomotory capacity) have dramatically higher levels of age pigments than their same-aged siblings that appear to have aged more gracefully and move youthfully. Thus, high age pigment levels indicate a physiologically aged state rather than simply marking chronological time, and age pigments are valid reporters of nematode healthspan.

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“…It is a heterogeneous organ ( Fig. 1), comprising a number of cellular layers: the epidermis (83.7 lm thick) including the stratum corneum (14.8 lm thick) and the viable epidermis (or cellular epidermis, 68.9 lm thick), 11 the dermis (between 300 and 4000 lm thick), and the hypodermis (thickness up to several millimeters). 12 The epidermis consists of several sublayers starting from the non-viable stratum corneum and as follows: stratum lucidum (clear layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (spinous or prickle layer), and stratum germinativum (basal layer).…”

Section: Skin Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Availability ofIn VitroandIn SilicoMethods for Assessing Dermal Bioavailability

DumontCoralie

PrietoPilar

AsturiolDavid

et al. 2015

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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The exposure of the skin to consumer products, drugs, and environmental chemicals can result in their penetrating the skin barrier and entering systemic circulation, potentially resulting in adverse effects in the skin and other organs. The assessment of dermal penetration and bioavailability (including penetration, metabolism, and entry into the systemic circulation) is therefore an important consideration in the risk assessment of chemicals. The skin is a heterogeneous organ with a multilayer structure. Based on its architecture and physiology, substances can penetrate through three major ways but can also be blocked in the different skin layers and in the skin appendages, which act as reservoir. In addition to that, as the skin is a metabolically competent organ, substances can undergo metabolism. After a brief description of the skin architecture, this review will focus on the skin penetration mechanisms and skin metabolic capacities. The skin absorption has traditionally been tested in vivo on animals. However, with the new legislation (i.e., Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals Regulation or Cosmetics Regulation), alternatives to animal testing have to be implemented. In a second part, this review will provide a description of the main in vitro and in silico or computational models available to study skin absorption and skin metabolism (i.e., ex vivo skin models, artificial membrane barriers, primary cells and cell lines, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship [QSAR], simulators for the prediction of skin metabolism).

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Epidermal Thickness at Different Body Sites: Relationship to Age, Gender, Pigmentation, Blood Content, Skin Type and Smoking Habits

Cited by 597 publications

References 18 publications

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

In vivospectrofluorimetry reveals endogenous biomarkers that report healthspan and dietary restriction inCaenorhabditis elegans

Review of the Availability ofIn VitroandIn SilicoMethods for Assessing Dermal Bioavailability

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