Epidermal Growth Factor in Healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers: From Gene Expression to Tissue Healing and Systemic Biomarker Circulation

Abstract

Lower-extremity diabetic ulcers are responsible for 80% of annual worldwide nontraumatic amputations. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) reduction is one of the molecular pillars of diabetic ulcer chronicity, thus EGF administration may be considered a type of replacement therapy. Topical EGF administration to improve and speed wound healing began in 1989 on burn patients as part of an acute-healing therapy. Further clinical studies based on topically administering EGF to diff erent chronic wounds resulted in disappointing outcomes. An analysis of the literature on unsuccessful clinical trials identifi ed a lack of knowledge concerning: (I) molecular and cellular foundations of wound chronicity and (II) the pharmacodynamic requisites governing EGF interaction with its receptor to promote cell response. Yet, EGF intra-and perilesional infi ltration were shown to circumvent the pharmacodynamic limitations of topical application. Since the fi rst studies, the following decades of basic and clinical research on EGF therapy for problem wounds have shed light on potential uses of growth factors in regenerative medicine. EGF's molecular and biochemical eff ects at both local and systemic levels are diverse: (1) downregulation of genes encoding infl ammation mediators and increased expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis and matrix secretion; (2) EGF intervention positively impacts both mesenchymal and epithelial cells, reducing infl ammation and stimulating the recruitment of precursor circulating cells that promote the formation of new blood vessels; (3) at the subcellular level, upregulation of the EGF receptor with subsequent intracellular traffi cking, including mitochondrial allocation along with restored morphology of multiple organelles; and (4) local EGF infi ltration resulting in a systemic, organismal repercussion, thus contributing to attenuation of circulating infl ammatory and catabolic reactants, restored reduction-oxidation balance, and decreased toxic glycation products and soluble apoptogenic eff ectors. It is likely that EGF treatment may rearrange critical epigenetic drivers of diabetic metabolic memory.

Bioinspired 3D-printed scaffold embedding DDAB-nano ZnO/nanofibrous microspheres for regenerative diabetic wound healing

“…Elevated levels of TNF-α are followed by a decline of VEGF, thereby delaying angiogenesis and interfering with the proliferative wound healing phase. Moreover, the diabetic wound microenvironment is not generally supportive of the bioavailability and chemical integrity of local growth factors including EGF, compromising their healing accelerating effect and wound epithelialization [85]. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of the applied composite scaffolds on the levels of TNFα via RT-qPCR and the growth factors VEGF and EGF by ELISA in wound tissues harvested 14 d post wounding.…”

Endogenous Biological Drivers in Diabetic Lower Limb Wounds Recurrence: Hypothetical Reflections

“…The sequential discovery of GFs at the beginning of the 1960s and their biological capability to enhance cell proliferation and migration, and to circumvent cell cycle arrest, fueled their introduction to treating a variety of acute and chronic wounds and ever since progressed up to the development of nano-formulations [103,104]. Further studies in the early 1990s, however, suggested that the clinical use of GFs was somewhat precipitated, given that chronic wounds milieu impaired the response to GFs by a variety of biochemical and physical factors including in situ degradation, limited diffusion, and reduced receptors catalytic activity [105]. As for DFU, the recombinant PDGF-BB in its pharmaceutical presentation form (Regranex) has been the only FDA-approved GF since 1997 https:// www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1997/becaomj121697-lab.pdf, accessed on 15 May 2023).…”