Epidermal Damage Induced by Irritants in Man: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study

Willis, Carolyn M.; Stephens, C.J.M.; Wilkinson, J. D.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319895

Cited by 180 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Available histopathological (15) and cytotoxicological (16)(17)(18)) studies describing keratinocyte damage by mercury chloride (HgCl 2 ) are currently limited. This underlines the importance of investigating the direct cytotoxic effects of the metals on keratinocytes, as well as intracellular damage, for which available data are limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cytotoxicity of mercury chloride to the keratinocytes is associated with metallothionein expression

et al. 2013

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Abstract. There are trace amounts of heavy metals in cosmetics. Heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), which is added to skin-whitening cosmetics, may cause acute or chronic damage to human cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of mercury chloride (HgCl 2 ) to human keratinocytes. The keratinocytes were treated with various concentrations of HgCl 2 and the cell survival fractions were found to be 38.08, 17.59, 12.76, 3.29 and 0.77% when the cells were treated with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.5 µM of HgCl 2 , respectively. Moreover, we observed that the greatest damage was to the cell membrane. The metallothionein (MT) protein expression was also investigated. MT expression levels increased with increasing concentrations of HgCl 2 . The results indicated that MT protects the keratinocytes against HgCl 2 -induced toxicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cytotoxicity of mercury chloride to the keratinocytes is associated with metallothionein expression

et al. 2013

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“…Acceleration of epidermal turnover to a detrimental speed can produce keratinocytes that do not differentiate completely. In such cases, keratinocytes would not have time to lose their nuclei before ascending to the stratum corneum [10], and these nuclei would be visible in photomicrographs of tape-stripped samples of stratum corneum. As there were no nuclei visible in the photomicrographs of skin treated with 5% LCG (Figure 5a), we have concluded that there is no evidence to suggest that 5% LCG would over-stimulate skin turnover.…”

Section: Lcg Does Not Over-stimulate Skin Turnover or Reduce Skin Barmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Crystal Gel Reduces Age Spots by Promoting Skin Turnover

Musashi¹,

Coler‐Reilly

Nagasawa³

et al. 2014

Cosmetics

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Studies have shown that liquid crystals structurally resembling the intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum can beneficially affect the skin when applied topically by stimulating the skin's natural regenerative functions and accelerating epidermal turnover. In the present study, the effects of applying low concentrations of a liquid crystal gel of our own creation were evaluated using epidermal thickening in mouse skin as an assay for effective stimulation of epidermal turnover. A liquid crystal gel was also applied topically to human facial skin, and analysis was conducted using before-and-after photographs of age spots, measurements of L* values that reflect degree of skin pigmentation, single-layer samples of the stratum corneum obtained via tape-stripping, and measurements of trans-epidermal water loss that reflect the status of the skin's barrier function. The results suggested that cost-effective creams containing as low as 5% liquid crystal gel might be effective and safely sold as skin care products targeting age spots and other problems relating to uneven skin pigmentation.

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“…The effects of SLS have been extensively studied invitro and in-vivo, although only within the epidermis 113,114 and oral epithelium; 115,116 there is limited information published on the effects of SLS within the dermis. However SLS is chemically related to STS (sodium tetradecyl sulfate) which is used for sclerotherapy in human medicine and therefore has well documented effects within the dermis.…”

Section: Candidate Chemicals For Use In This Study -Anionic Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Important ultrastructural findings included severe necrosis of the basal layer of the epidermis with loss of the dermo-epidermal junction, and marked infiltration of neutrophils. 113,114 It is postulated that SLS ruptures the intercellular junction which can predispose to tissue necrosis, ulceration and inflammation. 123 Given the effect of severe epidermal necrosis from topical SLS, we can postulate a similar effect of dermal necrosis in association with intra-dermal treatment; the subsequent destruction of hair follicles and nerves would make SLS a potential candidate for a less painful chemical alternative to mulesing.…”

Section: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (Sls)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intra-dermal sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an attractive candidate as a chemical alternative to surgical mulesing given its ability (in-vivo and in-vitro) to cause cell necrosis through protein denaturation in membranes, 113,114 and the reduction of behavioural changes associated with discomfort after treatment in sheep 95,102 . This forms the basis of the current thesis which investigates the welfare outcomes including behavioural responses to pain, and characterises the macro-and microscopic changes caused by intra-dermal injection of SLS into sheep skin.…”

Section: Aims Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mode of action of intra-dermal sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a chemical alternative to mulesing in sheep

Lee¹

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Sheep blowfly strike imposes significant economic costs of $260 million annually from disruptions to farm management operations 1, 2 associated with high labour cost of controlling flystrike, 3 sheep morbidity and mortality, and loss of wool productivity. 4 Mulesing, the surgical removal of skin from the breech which minimises soiling and reduces susceptibility to flystrike, is performed without anaesthetic and is therefore perceived as cruel and painful as reflected by physiological and behavioural alterations in affected lambs. 5,6 Intra-dermal sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was trialled in this study as a potential chemical alternative to mulesing. A sound mulesing alternative would ideally provide efficient wound healing and hairless scar formation which increases the bare area of the breech while causing minimal discomfort to the animal.In a sighting study, 3 Merino wethers were given intra-dermal injections of SLS at specific sites on the flank which were biopsied at different time points over 28 days. Assessments were made on gross and histological changes of wound healing as well as early behavioural indicators of pain.Based on the results of the sighting study, the following protocol refinements were made for the main study which used 6 Merino wethers, to:1) reduce biopsy frequency with concentration around specimens of histopathologic interest;2) expand lesion parameters and sharpen the grading process;3) improve SLS delivery using a pressurized needleless applicator; 4) incorporate analysis of SLS's mode of action at the ultrastructural level; 5) improve the approach for pain assessment.Treated sheep showed minimal behavioural or postural indicators of pain or discomfort, their appetite was normal and there was a net gain in body weight, when compared with their untreated cohorts. Gross appearance of the treatment site consisted of initial swelling which subsided by day 14 leaving a firm, slightly raised, crust. At day 21, the treated area was depressed and covered by a scab (eschar) which partially sloughed off by day 28.Histological examination revealed necrosis of soft tissue structures (including hair bulbs, collagen, vessels and nerves) in the subcutis and deep dermis at 2 minutes after treatment, followed by subsequent additional ischaemic necrosis of the superficial dermis and epidermis with progressive inflammation, proliferation and remodelling of the wound. Fibroplasia and angiogenesis were accompanied with reepithelialisation starting at day 7, subjacent to areas of full dermal-epidermal

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Epidermal Damage Induced by Irritants in Man: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study

Cited by 180 publications

References 20 publications

The cytotoxicity of mercury chloride to the keratinocytes is associated with metallothionein expression

The cytotoxicity of mercury chloride to the keratinocytes is associated with metallothionein expression

Liquid Crystal Gel Reduces Age Spots by Promoting Skin Turnover

The mode of action of intra-dermal sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a chemical alternative to mulesing in sheep

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