Epidermal and vascular damage analysis of in vivo human skin in response to 595 nm pulsed laser irradiation

Pikkula, Brian M.; Chang, David W.; Anvari, Bahman

doi:10.1002/lsm.20191

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…An in vivo study 33 with normal human skin revealed that when the Weber number of R-134a droplets was increased from 1100 to 5100, the threshold radiant exposure for nonspecific thermal injury to the epidermis did not increase, although the average scores of epidermal damage decreased, indicating the limitation of this means in terms of enhancing Q.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This time delay is believed to be sufficient to ensure a relatively calm cryogen film to form on the sprayed surface, but sufficiently short to allow for the majority of heat removal to occur during the spurt duration. 33 Biopsy specimens were taken from the irradiated sites by 6-mm punches, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed for histological sectioning, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin ͑H&E͒. Thermal injury to the epidermis was evaluated by H&E histological observations.…”

Section: Ex Vivo Dark Human Skin Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative study of cryogen spray cooling with R-134a and R-404a: implications for laser treatment of dark human skin

et al. 2006

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Cutaneous laser treatment in dark skin patients is challenging due to significant light absorption by the melanin at the basal layer of epidermis, which can result in irreversible nonspecific thermal injury to the epidermis. Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) with R-134a (boiling point approximately -26.2 degrees C at 1 atm), which is currently used during cutaneous laser treatment, has shown poor efficacy in protecting dark human skin. We investigated the potential of CSC with R-404a (boiling point approximately -46.5 degrees C at 1 atm), which has a lower boiling point than R-134a, for improved therapeutic outcome in dark human skin at three levels: in vitro (epoxy resin skin phantom), ex vivo (normal dark human skin sample), and in vivo (skin of the rabbit external ear). The skin phantom was used to acquire the surface and internal temperature profiles in response to CSC with R-134a or R-404a at various spurt durations, based upon which CSC-induced heat removal from the skin phantom was estimated using an algorithm that solved a one-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem. CSC with R-404a increased the temperature reductions within the phantom and subsequently the amount of heat removal from the phantom in comparison to that with R-134a. Normal ex vivo Fitzpatrick types V-VI human skin samples were used to investigate the thermal response of dark human skin epidermis to CSC (R-134a or R-404a) at various spurt durations in conjunction with 595-nm pulsed dye laser irradiation at various radiant exposures. Cryogen R-404a increased the threshold radiant exposures for irreversible thermal injury to the epidermis in dark pigmentation skin. No obvious CSC-induced morphological changes to human skin was observed when sprayed with R404-a spurts using durations up to 300 ms. In vivo rabbit ear vasculature was used as a model of cutaneous anomalies to assess the influences of CSC (with R-134a or R-404a) on the photothermolysis of dermal blood vessels. CSC (R-134a or R-404a) with the spurt durations of 100 to 300 ms increased the most superficial depth of thermally damaged dermal blood vessel compared with the sites without CSC, implying possible nonspecific cooling of superficial dermal blood vessels by the cryogen spurts with the settings applied.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Ex Vivo Dark Human Skin Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of cryogen spray cooling with R-134a and R-404a: implications for laser treatment of dark human skin

et al. 2006

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“…Pikkula and colleagues were able to show that, dependent on the pulse length, prior cooling with cryogen spray and the dose administered, delayed reactions were observed [21], with biopsies taken 1.5 h after therapy. Assessable damage ranged from elongated basal-layer cells to complete dermal ablation, dependent on the flow (8-30 J cm −2 , the single pulse length was 0.1 µs).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of tissue damage caused by various laser systems with tissue tolerable plasma by light and laser scan microscopy

Vandersee¹,

Lademann²,

Richter³

et al. 2013

Laser Phys. Lett.

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Tissue tolerable plasma (TTP) represents a novel therapeutic method with promising capabilities in the field of dermatological interventions, in particular disinfection but also wound antisepsis and regeneration. The energy transfer by plasma into living tissue is not easily educible, as a variety of features such as the medium’s actual molecule-stream, the ions, electrons and free radicals involved, as well as the emission of ultraviolet, visible and infrared light contribute to its increasingly well characterized effects. Thus, relating possible adversary effects, especially of prolonged exposure to a single component of the plasma’s mode of action, is difficult. Until now, severe adverse events connected to plasma exposure have not been reported when conducted according to existing therapeutic protocols. In this study, we have compared the tissue damage-potential of CO2 and dye lasers with TTP in a porcine model. After exposure of pig ear skin to the three treatment modalities, all specimens were examined histologically and by means of laser scan microscopy (LSM). Light microscopical tissue damage could only be shown in the case of the CO2 laser, whereas dye laser and plasma treatment resulted in no detectable impairment of the specimens. In the case of TTP, LSM examination revealed only an impairment of the uppermost corneal layers of the skin, thus stressing its safety when used in vivo.

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“…Collateral injury is evident on histological examination. Cellular damage is evidenced by basal cell elongation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclei shrinkage, formation of multiple basal lacunae, subepidermal separation, and epidermal ablation [1]. Vascular changes may be seen in the form of intravascular thrombosis, endothelial cell detachment from the basement membrane, or even vessel destruction and erythrocyte extravasation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and cosmetic results of contact gel cooling of the skin during non‐ablative laser procedures

Bodendorf

Grunewald

Simon

et al. 2008

J Deutsche Derma Gesell

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Epidermal and vascular damage analysis of in vivo human skin in response to 595 nm pulsed laser irradiation

Cited by 9 publications

References 46 publications

Comparative study of cryogen spray cooling with R-134a and R-404a: implications for laser treatment of dark human skin

Comparative study of cryogen spray cooling with R-134a and R-404a: implications for laser treatment of dark human skin

Comparison of tissue damage caused by various laser systems with tissue tolerable plasma by light and laser scan microscopy

Efficacy and cosmetic results of contact gel cooling of the skin during non‐ablative laser procedures

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