Epidemiology, risk factors and prognosis of cardiovascular disease in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era: a systematic review

Abstract

Background: Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from China, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused more than five milion deaths worldwide. Several studies have elucidated the role of risk factors in the prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the progression of COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review assesses the link between COVID-19 and cardiovascular risk factors, and investigates the prognosis in the case of myocardial injury. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify relevant articles in Pubmed, MEDLINE, Elsevier, and Google Scholar the last two years using the terms: COVID-19, CVD, risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors, SARS-CoV-2, lockdown, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Exclusion criteria were the studies associated with pediatric and pregnant COVID-19 patients. Results: After screening through 3071 articles, 10 studies were included in this review that captured the findings from 3912 participants. Included studies found that preexisting CVD was linked to worse outcomes and increased risk of death in patients with COVID-19, whereas COVID-19 itself also induced myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and venous thromboembolism. Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were associated with intensive care unit admission and poor prognosis. Cardiovascular risk factors are crucial for the progression of COVID-19, and infected patients should be constantly monitored and follow strict hygiene and decrease their social interactions.

How the COVID-19 pandemic influences the prevalence of pressure injuries in the Czech Republic: A nationwide analysis of a health registry in 2020

“…In a study by Nieto-Garcia et al [ 24 ], diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension were identified as the main associated comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 diagnosis and PIs, which corresponds with our findings. Another study confirms the same results that in patients with COVID-19 hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are associated with the number of ICU admissions and poor prognosis [ 26 ].…”

“…They identified HAPIs, Moisture-Associated Skin Damage (MASD), or Medical device-related pressure injuries (MDRPI) in 64% of 100 patients. The skin injuries were more frequently reported in patients supported with ECMO [ 26 ].…”

“…There was no difference in the prevalence of PIs in the COVID-19 period between patients who were COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative (35.4% vs 35.7%). The study was made with a consecutive sample (n = 1125) of pre-COVID-19 admissions (n = 768) and COVID-19 period admissions (n = 357), including persons who were COVID-19-positive (n = 161) and COVID-19-negative (n = 196) [ 26 ]. Data in a study by Vowden and Hill [ 29 ] shows that the PIs rate per 1000 beds increased from a pre-pandemic level of around 1 to over 2.7 in the first month of the pandemic, with an increase in the device and prone position-related PIs, particularly in the expanded critical care patient population.…”

Effectiveness of Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation, Using Wearable Sensors, as a Multicomponent, Cutting-Edge Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Moreover, during the COVID-19 pandemic era, safe distancing measures were adopted to curb the spreading of the virus, thus leading to the temporary cessation of many CR programs, the discontinuation of CR provision, and thus the further deterioration of CVD patients' cardiovascular function [15][16][17]. Furthermore, a recent systematic review found that CVD patients affected by COVID-19 presented worse outcomes and increased risk of morbidity, whereas COVID-19 itself also induced myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and venous thromboembolism [18].…”

Are behaviour change techniques and intervention features associated with effectiveness of digital cardiac rehabilitation programmes? A systematic review protocol

“…We strongly agree to the authors’ assertion that the several barriers related to the underutilization of the traditional center-based CR programs can be addressed by the implementation of digital health interventions (DHIs) (Winnige et al (2021 2 )) Indeed, a recent critical review of ours has proclaimed the potential effective role of telehealth interventions as alternative sufficient methods of delivering CR during over demanding socioeconomic conditions, such is the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (Stefanakis et al (2021 3 ), Pepera et al (2022 5 ))…”