Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Pulmonary Embolism

Turetz, Meredith L.; Sideris, Andrew; Friedman, Oren; Triphathi, Nidhi; Horowitz, James

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1642036

Cited by 148 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…The epidemiology of thrombosis in human medicine is well understood, and the substantial economic costs entailed in the management of thrombosis are also well documented . Such data are not available in veterinary medicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) guidelines: Small animal

Goggs

Blais

Brainard

et al. 2019

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Objectives: To systematically review available evidence and establish guidelines related to the risk of developing thrombosis and the management of small animals with antithrombotics. Design: Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature (identified by searching Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts) was carried out in 5 domains (Defining populations at risk; Defining rational therapeutic use; Defining evidence-based protocols; Refining and monitoring antithrombotic therapies; and Discontinuing antithrombotic therapies). Evidence evaluation was carried out using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome generated within each domain questions to address specific aims. This was followed by categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Synthesis of these data led to the development of a series of statements. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved via Delphi-style surveys.Draft recommendations were presented at 2 international veterinary conferences and made available for community assessment, review, and comment prior to final revisions and publication. Settings: Academic and referral veterinary medical centers.Results: Over 500 studies were reviewed in detail. Worksheets from all 5 domains generated 59 statements with 83 guideline recommendations that were refined during 3 rounds of Delphi surveys. A high degree of consensus was reached across all guideline recommendations. Conclusions:Overall, systematic evidence evaluations yielded more than 80 recommendations for the treatment of small animals with or at risk of developing thrombosis. Numerous significant knowledge gaps were highlighted by the evidence reviews undertaken, indicating the need for substantial additional research in this field. K E Y W O R D S ) for their dedicated contributions to this effort. We would also like to thank the members of the veterinary community who attended and contributed to the discussion of the guidelines during the 2018 EVECC Congress and IVECCS sessions and subsequently during the online open-comment stages. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) guidelines: Small animal

Goggs

Blais

Brainard

et al. 2019

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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“…Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and deadly venous thromboembolic disease, which is the thirdleading cause of cardiovascular death [1]. The outcomes of PE widely range from asymptomatic, accidental emboli to a lethal massive embolism [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal miRNA-28-3p promotes apoptosis of pulmonary endothelial cells in pulmonary embolism

Mao

Liu²,

Hu³

2020

Preprint

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Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a primary clinical manifestation of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It has been demonstrated that pulmonary endothelial cells (PECs) are apoptotic-resistance in PE. In this study, PECs were collected from PE patients and mouse models. Western blot, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, H&E and TUNEL assay, confocal and TEM microscopy, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to determine the effects of miR-28-3p on PECs apoptosis and if exosomes can act as the shuttle to transport miR-28-3p to PECs. Material and Methods The results revealed that apoptosis and miR-28-3p were downregulated in PECs of PE. The miR-28-3p mimics and inhibitor enhanced and further inhibited apoptosis in PECs, respectively. Results Both miR-28-3p-modified adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) and AMSC-derived exosomes upregulated miR-28-3p expression in PECs, leading to elevated apoptosis of PECs. Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5) was a direct target gene of miR-28-3p, and the overexpression of API5 in miR-28-3p-modified PECs further suppressed apoptosis. Conclusions Furthermore, the administration of miR-28-3p-modified exosomes to PE mouse model promoted apoptosis in PECs. In conclusion, exosomal miR-28-3p could ameliorate PE-associated apoptosis-resistance in PECs through targeting API5 in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, AMSCs-derived exosome is a promising way to deliver functioning miRNA to PECs, providing insight into novel therapy of PE.

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“…Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) refers to the formation of blood clots in deep venous lumen, causing blood flow disorders, and its prevalence increases with age. 1,2 DVT with its major complications, post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and pulmonary embolism (PE) can be lifethreatening, which is a global health problem. [3][4][5] PTS consists of pain, swelling and even ulceration of the leg that can occur immediately after DVT or can delay the onset.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MiR‐205 promotes endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis and deep vein thrombosis recanalization and resolution by targeting PTEN to regulate Akt/autophagy pathway and MMP2 expression

Sun

Xiao

et al. 2019

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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MicroRNAs (MiRNAs, MiRs) represent a class of conserved small non‐coding RNAs that affect post‐transcriptional gene regulation and play a vital role in angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. They are essential for a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, especially for vascular diseases. However, data concerning miRNAs in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remain incomplete. We explored miRNAs that modulate angiogenesis in EPCs and thrombolysis, and analysed their underlying mechanisms using a DVT model, dual‐luciferase reporter assay, qRT‐PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis, CCK‐8 assay, angiogenesis assay, wound healing and Transwell assay. We found that miR‐205 enhanced the homing ability of EPCs to DVT sites and promoted thrombosis resolution and recanalization, which significantly reduced venous thrombus. Additionally, we demonstrated that miR‐205 overexpression significantly enhanced angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro, migration, invasion, F‐actin filaments and proliferation in EPCs, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Conversely, down‐regulation of miR‐205 played the opposite role in EPCs. Importantly, this study demonstrated that miR‐205 directly targeted PTEN to modulate the Akt/autophagy pathway and MMP2 expression, subsequently playing a key role in EPC function and DVT recanalization and resolution. These results elucidated the pro‐angiogenesis effects of miR‐205 in EPCs and established it as a potential target for DVT treatment.

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Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Pulmonary Embolism

Cited by 148 publications

References 95 publications

American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) guidelines: Small animal

American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) guidelines: Small animal

Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal miRNA-28-3p promotes apoptosis of pulmonary endothelial cells in pulmonary embolism

MiR‐205 promotes endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis and deep vein thrombosis recanalization and resolution by targeting PTEN to regulate Akt/autophagy pathway and MMP2 expression

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