Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Emerging Resistances in Staphylococcus pasteuri: From Mammals and Lampreys, to Man

Savini, Vincenzo; Catavitello, Chiara; Bianco, Azaira; Balbinot, Andrea; D’Antonio, Domenico

doi:10.2174/157489109788490352

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Further, S. chromogenes was described to play a role in skin lesions, dermatitis and otitis media in sheep, associated with infestation by the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis , and has been identified in the skin microbiota associated with P. ovis [50]. S. auricularis , S. pasteruri and S. felis are coagulase negative, skin residents of human and animals, and were reported to occasionally cause diseases [39], [51]–[53]. S. epidermidis prevails on healthy human skin while S. aureus is considered an important primary pathogen.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scabies Mites Alter the Skin Microbiome and Promote Growth of Opportunistic Pathogens in a Porcine Model

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe resident skin microbiota plays an important role in restricting pathogenic bacteria, thereby protecting the host. Scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) are thought to promote bacterial infections by breaching the skin barrier and excreting molecules that inhibit host innate immune responses. Epidemiological studies in humans confirm increased incidence of impetigo, generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, secondary to the epidermal infestation with the parasitic mite. It is therefore possible that mite infestation could alter the healthy skin microbiota making way for the opportunistic pathogens. A longitudinal study to test this hypothesis in humans is near impossible due to ethical reasons. In a porcine model we generated scabies infestations closely resembling the disease manifestation in humans and investigated the scabies associated changes in the skin microbiota over the course of a mite infestation.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn a 21 week trial, skin scrapings were collected from pigs infected with S. scabies var. suis and scabies-free control animals. A total of 96 skin scrapings were collected before, during infection and after acaricide treatment, and analyzed by bacterial 16S rDNA tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing. We found significant changes in the epidermal microbiota, in particular a dramatic increase in Staphylococcus correlating with the onset of mite infestation in animals challenged with scabies mites. This increase persisted beyond treatment from mite infection and healing of skin. Furthermore, the staphylococci population shifted from the commensal S. hominis on the healthy skin prior to scabies mite challenge to S. chromogenes, which is increasingly recognized as being pathogenic, coinciding with scabies infection in pigs. In contrast, all animals in the scabies-free cohort remained relatively free of Staphylococcus throughout the trial.Conclusions/SignificanceThis is the first experimental in vivo evidence supporting previous assumptions that establishment of pathogens follow scabies infection. Our findings provide an explanation for a biologically important aspect of the disease pathogenesis. The methods developed from this pig trial will serve as a guide to analyze human clinical samples. Studies building on this will offer implications for development of novel intervention strategies against the mites and the secondary infections.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scabies Mites Alter the Skin Microbiome and Promote Growth of Opportunistic Pathogens in a Porcine Model

et al. 2014

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“…Also, the ability to vary is presumed to enhance microbial survival and growth under modifying environmental conditions. Varying staphylococcal and micrococcal strains may be misidentified by phenotype-based assays, as biochemical activities can change during replication on agar media in order to allow microbes to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Ben-Ami et al, 2003Lee et al, 2009;Savini et al, 2009a). We further highlight that genome analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing is needed to provide correct characterization at the genus and species level, whereas PFGE may be useful in confirming the clonality of different isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria

Savini

Catavitello

Masciarelli

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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112

123

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Organisms in the genus Kocuria are Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, coccoid actinobacteria belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, suborder Micrococcineae, order Actinomycetales. Sporadic reports in the literature have dealt with infections by Kocuria species, mostly in compromised hosts with serious underlying conditions. Nonetheless, the number of infectious processes caused by such bacteria may be higher than currently believed, given that misidentification by phenotypic assays has presumably affected estimates of the prevalence over the years. As a further cause for concern, guidelines for therapy of illnesses involving Kocuria species are lacking, mostly due to the absence of established criteria for evaluating Kocuria replication or growth inhibition in the presence of antibiotics. Therefore, breakpoints for staphylococci have been widely used throughout the literature to try to understand this pathogen's behaviour under drug exposure; unfortunately, this has sometimes created confusion, thus higlighting the urgent need for specific interpretive criteria, along with a deeper investigation into the resistance determinants within this genus. We therefore review the published data on cultural, genotypic and clinical aspects of the genus Kocuria, aiming to shed some light on these emerging nosocomial pathogens. IntroductionThe genus Kocuria was named after Miroslav Kocur, a Slovakian microbiologist, and belongs to the family Micrococcaceae, suborder Micrococcineae, order Actinomycetales, class Actinobacteria (Takarada et al., 2008;Zhou et al., 2008;Lee et al., 2009;Stackebrandt et al., 1995). It includes Gram-positive, strictly aerobic (a few exceptions are Kocuria kristinae, which is facultatively anaerobic, Kocuria marina, which may grow in 5 % CO 2 , and Kocuria rhizophila strain DC2201, which can proliferate anaerobically), catalasepositive, coagulase-negative, non-haemolytic cocci. These are also non-encapsulated, non-endospore-forming, non-halophilic, mesophilic, non-motile and Voges-Proskauer (production of indole and acetoin)-negative, and do not possess mycolic or teichoic acids. Kocuria species can be differentiated from other members of the Actinomycetales based on the presence of galactosamine and glucosamine as main cell wall amino sugars, the peptidoglycan type L-Lys-Ala 3/4 , the fatty acid anteisio-C 15 : 0 , the polar lipids diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, MK-7(H 2 ) and MK-8(H 2 ) as major menaquinones and a DNA G+C content of 60.0-75.3 mol%, depending on the species. Organisms in the genus are environmental bacteria, as well as human skin and oropharynx mucosa commensals; nevertheless, they can be responsible for infectious processes which mostly complicate severe underlying diseases. Owing to misidentification by phenotypic typing over the years, clinical syndromes caused by these agents are believed to be rare; however, the prevalence of such infectious pathologies is presumably higher and will surely increase in the coming years, as soon as genome-based identification i...

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“…pasteuri. This species appears to be ubiquitous, as it is commonly found in food-associated and aquatic environments; previous studies have shown that this species has a high frequency of resistance (Simeoni et al 2008;Faria et al 2009;Savini et al 2009). Other CNS species that are widely distributed in food and the environment, such as Staph.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety-related properties of staphylococci isolated from food and food environments

Marino

Frigo

Bartolomeoli

2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: To test some safety-related properties within 321 staphylococci strains isolated from food and food environments. Methods and Results: The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus xylosus. Decarboxylase activity was quite common for the various Staphylococcus spp., and tyrosine was the most frequently decarboxylated amino acid. The frequency of antibiotic resistance was highest in Staph. pasteuri and Staph. xylosus. Several of the isolates were tolerant to QAC compounds, and in some cases, QAC tolerance was present in antibiotic-resistant strains. Most of the strains displayed moderate to high adhesion rates to stainless steel and Teflon. The strains that readily formed biofilms belonged to the species Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Staph. pasteuri. Conclusions: An high incidence of some safety hazards was found within the staphylococcal strains of food origin tested in this study. In particular, amino acid decarboxylase activity and biofilm-forming ability were common within strains, and antibiotic resistance and tolerance to QAC-based compounds occurred frequently as well. These characteristics are an important safety concern for food industry. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work gives a first picture of safety hazards within staphylococcal species isolated from food environments. The presence of disinfectant-resistant staphylococci is a concern because resistance can be genetically transferred between the various Staphylococcus species. This could lead an increase and spread of resistant enterotoxic staphylococci and . or pathogenic staphylococci

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Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Emerging Resistances in Staphylococcus pasteuri: From Mammals and Lampreys, to Man

Cited by 44 publications

References 21 publications

Scabies Mites Alter the Skin Microbiome and Promote Growth of Opportunistic Pathogens in a Porcine Model

Scabies Mites Alter the Skin Microbiome and Promote Growth of Opportunistic Pathogens in a Porcine Model

Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria

Safety-related properties of staphylococci isolated from food and food environments

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