Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19: a review of current evidence

Abstract

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has created a public health crisis, infected millions of people, and caused a significant number of deaths. SARS-CoV-2 transmits from person to person through several routes, mainly via respiratory droplets, which makes it difficult to contain its spread into the community. Here, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. Areas covered Direct person-to-person respiratory transmission has rapidly amplified the spread of coronavirus. In the absence of any clinically proven treatment options, the current clinical management of COVID-19 includes symptom management, infection prevention and control measures, optimized supportive care, and intensive care support in severe or critical illness. Developing an effective vaccine is now a leading research priority. Some vaccines have already been approved by the regulatory authorities for the prevention of COVID-19. Expert opinion General prevention and protection measures regarding the containment and management of the second or third waves are necessary to minimize the risk of infection. Until now, four vaccines reported variable efficacies of between 62–95%, and two of them (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna) received FDA emergency use authorization. Equitable access and effective distribution of these vaccines in all countries will save millions of lives.

Severe Acute Hepatitis in a COVID‐19 patient: A Case Report

“…COVID‐19 infection manifests itself in various ways, including respiratory symptoms (the most prevalent), cardiac involvement, neurological symptoms, kidney injury, and gastrointestinal symptoms. 3 …”

“…Even though numerous studies have been conducted since its emergence, many aspects of this virus remain unknown. Clinical manifestations vary considerably between individuals and affect a variety of organs 3 …”

The efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccine: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis

“…However, providing immunization services is crucial to ensure protection from vaccine-preventable diseases. There is an urgent need for COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic agents in low and middleincome countries [19][20][21]. Mass vaccination sites will be an important innovation in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic, but only if the effectiveness and safety of vaccination are ensured [22,23].…”

“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) has become one of the most threatening infectious diseases in human history [1]. At present, more than 200 countries and regions in the world have reported con rmed cases of the disease: the main manifestations being fever, fatigue, and dry cough.…”

High COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Workers: Should Such a Trend Require Closer Attention by Policymakers?

“…As of 13 August 2021, there were more than 32.1 million confirmed COVID-19 cases in India with 430,759 related deaths [ 1 ]. As there is no clinically proven treatment for COVID-19 infection, herd immunity can only be gained by high vaccination coverage worldwide [ 2 - 3 ]. Further vaccination remains the most effective way of controlling the disease, which unfortunately is challenged by delay or vaccine refusal by the general public [ 4 ].…”