Epidemiology of West Nile Disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013

Sabatino, Daria Di; Bruno, R.; Sauro, Francesca; Danzetta, Maria Luisa; Cito, Francesca; Iannetti, Simona; Narcisi, Valeria; Massis, Fabrizio De; Calistri, Paolo

doi:10.1155/2014/907852

Cited by 62 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Our results constitute the first report of WNV circulation in bioregion 4, where habitat conditions do not favour WNV activity. Yearly re-emergence of WNV in Mediterranean countries is thought to be due to WNV overwintering and becoming endemic in local bird populations [48, 49]. The presence of animals seropositive to WNV throughout the sampling period (2003–2014) suggest an endemic circulation of WNV in southern Spain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants

et al. 2016

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BackgroundDuring the last decade, the spread of many flaviviruses (Genus Flavivirus) has been reported, representing an emerging threat for both animal and human health. To further study utility of wild ruminant samples in West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance, we assessed spatio–temporal trends and factors associated with WNV and cross-reacting flaviviruses exposure, particularly Usutu virus (USUV) and Meaban virus (MBV), in wild ruminants in Spain. Serum samples from 4693 wild ruminants, including 3073 free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus), 201 fallow deer (Dama dama), 125 mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), 32 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 1262 farmed red deer collected in 2003–2014, were screened for WNV and antigenically-related flavivirus antibodies using a blocking ELISA (bELISA). Positive samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against WNV, USUV and MBV by virus micro-neutralization tests.ResultsMean flavivirus seroprevalence according to bELISA was 3.4 ± 0.5 % in red deer, 1.0 ± 1.4 % in fallow deer, 2.4 ± 2.7 % in mouflon and 0 % in roe deer. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed as main risk factors for seropositivity in red deer; year (2011), the specific south-coastal bioregion (bioregion 5) and presence of wetlands. Red deer had neutralizing antibodies against WNV, USUV and MBV.ConclusionsThe results indicate endemic circulation of WNV, USUV and MBV in Spanish red deer, even in areas without known flavivirus outbreaks. WNV antibodies detected in a free-living red deer yearling sampled in 2010, confirmed circulation this year. Co-circulation of WNV and USUV was detected in bioregions 3 and 5, and of WNV and MBV in bioregion 3. Sampling of hunted and farmed wild ruminants, specifically of red deer yearlings, could be a complementary way to national surveillance programs to monitor the activity of emerging flaviviruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants

et al. 2016

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“…As ZIKV is now endemic to the French Caribbean islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Martin and to French Guiana in South America, introductions are occurring (220) (223)(224)(225). That region has also experienced WNV outbreaks (226,227). Ae.…”

Section: Imported Cases Of Zika Fever and Risk Of Dissemination In Armentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika Virus

2016

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SUMMARYZika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genusFlavivirusand the familyFlaviviridae. ZIKV was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in Africa, and ZIKV infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the Pacific and the Americas. ZIKV is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The clinical presentation of Zika fever is nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, especially those due to arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya. ZIKV infection was associated with only mild illness prior to the large French Polynesian outbreak in 2013 and 2014, when severe neurological complications were reported, and the emergence in Brazil of a dramatic increase in severe congenital malformations (microcephaly) suspected to be associated with ZIKV. Laboratory diagnosis of Zika fever relies on virus isolation or detection of ZIKV-specific RNA. Serological diagnosis is complicated by cross-reactivity among members of theFlavivirusgenus. The adaptation of ZIKV to an urban cycle involving humans and domestic mosquito vectors in tropical areas where dengue is endemic suggests that the incidence of ZIKV infections may be underestimated. There is a high potential for ZIKV emergence in urban centers in the tropics that are infested with competent mosquito vectors such asAedes aegyptiandAedes albopictus.

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“…As in 2010, most cases were detected between the end of July and the end of September. In 2013, Italy, Central Europe (Hungary, Romania, Czech Republic and Serbia), Russia and Tunisia were again affected [15,16].…”

Section: Spread Of West Nile Virus In the Mediterranean Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus: An Overview of its Recent Spread in the Mediterranean Basin

Tabbabi¹,

Daaboub²,

Sboui³

2017

J Trop Dis

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West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted to humans through infected Culex mosquito. It causes a sudden fever, but also, more rarely, neuroinvasive infections. Since its first identification in East Africa, the virus has been identified on all continents. The subject of this article was to review its spread in the Mediterranean basin until recently. It is very important for the implementation and development of control strategies to minimize risk of WNV emergence in the Mediterranean basin. Available data were used to assemble and synthesize information. West Nile virus has become endemic/enzootic in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean basin. In other regions such as the South of France, Portugal and the Maghreb, the virus causes sporadic cases in both humans and equidae. Since 2010, there has been an increase in the number of cases, as well as an extent of the endemic area. The endemic area will probably increase in coming decades because of climate change, especially in the north and west, and thus reach previously unharmed areas.

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Epidemiology of West Nile Disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013

Cited by 62 publications

References 61 publications

Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants

Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants

Zika Virus

West Nile Virus: An Overview of its Recent Spread in the Mediterranean Basin

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