Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Atbara River area, eastern Sudan: the outbreak of Barbar El Fugara village (1996–1997)

El-Safi, Sayda; Bucheton, Bruno; Kheir, Musa M.; Musa, Hassan A.; EL-Obaid, Moawia; Hammad, Awad; Dessein, Alain

doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00026-6

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Epistaxis accounted for 76.4 of the bleeding. Lymphadenopathy was found in 22% of the VL patients in this study, which is much lower than the 1991 & 2002 studies from the Sudan, where it was in 84% and 86% of the patients respectively (22,23).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

“…Visceral leishmaniasis is a significant cause of mortality accounting for 3.6% of hospital deaths. There have been several epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis over the past few years in the neighboring country of Sudan which borders the two Ethiopian towns of Metema and Humera (20)(21)(22)(23). Any ties between the epidemics in the two countries remain to be proven.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visceral Lieshmaniasis and HIV co-infection in patients admitted to Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Mengistu¹,

Ayele²

2007

Ethiopian Journal of Health Development

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Background: Worldwide, after malaria and sleeping sickness, leishmaniases are the third most important vector borne diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by L. donovani, L. infantum, or L. arachibaldi, and transmitted by the female phlebotomine sand fly bite. Coinciding with HIV infection, the number of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Ethiopia has increased in the last decade. Objective: To assess the clinical and laboratory manifestations and factors associated with mortality and morbidity of visceral leishmaniasis with or without HIV co-infection. Methods: A hospital-based case series study of visceral leishmaniasis assessing clinical manifestations, laboratory data, treatment outcomes and HIV sero-status was conducted in Gondar University Teaching Hospital over a period of five years and seven months (from January 1999 to July 2004). Results: A total of 221 kala-azar patients participated in the study. Out of 212 visceral leishmaniasis cases tested for HIV, 87(41.0%) were HIV co-infected. Age > 20 years was independently associated with HIV co-infection. Out of 213 kala-azar patients treated with sodium stibogluconate (SSG), 52 died, resulting in a case fatality rate of 24.4%. The case fatality rates among HIV positive and HIV negative kala-azar cases were 39.3% and 13.0%, respectively. Using logistic regression, HIV infection, body mass index (BMI) of 15 and below, bleeding tendency, and age > 20 years were identified as independent variables predicting death. Conclusion and recommendation: HIV co-infection and the case fatality rates are very high among patients with Visceral leishmaniasis. We recommend further study and improved care for HIV co-infected visceral leishmaniasis cases. [Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2007;21(1):53-60]

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Lieshmaniasis and HIV co-infection in patients admitted to Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Mengistu¹,

Ayele²

2007

Ethiopian Journal of Health Development

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“…Both LST and serologic analysis have been used to assess exposure to Leishmania, irrespective of disease presentation, and are frequently used in epidemiologic studies in Leishmania-endemic areas. 9,25,26 Nevertheless, comparison of LST positivity and seroprevalence rates is complicated by different types of immune response detected by each test. The LST measures a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to Leishmania and relies on an in vivo cellular immune response to Leishmania antigens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usefulness of the rK39-Immunochromatographic Test, Direct Agglutination Test, and Leishmanin Skin Test for Detecting Asymptomatic Leishmania Infection in Children in a New Visceral Leishmaniasis Focus in Amhara State, Ethiopia

Gadisa¹,

Custodio²,

Cañavate³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In areas where visceral leishmaniasis is anthroponotic, asymptomatically infected patients may play a role in transmission. Additionally, the number of asymptomatic patients in a disease-endemic area will also provide information on transmission dynamics. Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts (Amhara State, Ethiopia) are now considered newly established areas to which visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. In selected villages in these districts, we conducted a study to assess the usefulness of different approaches to estimate the asymptomatic infection rate. Of 605 participants, the rK39 immunochromatographic test was able to detect asymptomatic infection in 1.5% (9 of 605), direct agglutination test in 5.3% (32 of 605), and leishmanin skin test in 5.6% (33 of 589); the combined use of serologic methods and leishmanin skin test enabled detecting asymptomatic infection in 10.1% (61 of 605). We conclude that the best option to detect asymptomatic infection in this new visceral leishmaniasis-endemic focus is the combined use of the direct agglutination test and the leishmanin skin test.

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“…The study groups (Table 2) were recruited from subjects living in Barbar el Fugarra in the eastern part of Sudan (44,45), where we carried out a 6-year longitudinal study on 1,600 subjects during a severe outbreak of KA caused by L. donovani. Serological and clinical evaluations were carried out at 16-month intervals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-17 and IL-22 are associated with protection against human kala azar caused by Leishmania donovani

Pitta¹,

Romano²,

Cabantous³

et al. 2009

J. Clin. Invest.

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Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Atbara River area, eastern Sudan: the outbreak of Barbar El Fugara village (1996–1997)

Cited by 35 publications

References 47 publications

Visceral Lieshmaniasis and HIV co-infection in patients admitted to Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Visceral Lieshmaniasis and HIV co-infection in patients admitted to Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Usefulness of the rK39-Immunochromatographic Test, Direct Agglutination Test, and Leishmanin Skin Test for Detecting Asymptomatic Leishmania Infection in Children in a New Visceral Leishmaniasis Focus in Amhara State, Ethiopia

IL-17 and IL-22 are associated with protection against human kala azar caused by Leishmania donovani

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