Epidemiology of urolithiasis in dogs from Guadalajara City, Mexico

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a frequent and recurrent problem in dogs around the world. Several epidemiological studies based on mineral composition of uroliths have been carried out in different geographical areas. The objective of this study was to analyze epidemiological data of 195 dogs with urolithiasis from the metropolitan area of Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico. To determine the chemical composition of uroliths, quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed by means of stereoscopic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The dogs` median age was six years and a male-female ratio of 1.4:1 was observed. The most affected pure breed dogs were schnauzer, poodle, Labrador retriever, Yorkshire terrier, and German shepherd. The frequency of uroliths of struvite, calcium oxalate, urates, mixes, and compounds, is similar to the one found in other studies performed in other populations. However, a much higher frequency of silicate-containing uroliths (16.92%) was observed, both in a pure form as well as in mineral mixtures. These results led us to suggest the need to develop further investigations to determine the origin of this high frequency.Figure 1. Different types of uroliths. Note the differences in shape, size, color, and number; however, none of these characteristics is specific to a particular mineral composition.

Absorption and emission features of 7Be ii in the outburst spectra of V838 Her (Nova Her 1991)

“…For Mg ii the uncertainties regarding the effective collision strength are lower: (Osterbrock & Ferland 2006) (table 3.3) give 16.9. Similar values are found in Mendoza (1981), Dopita & Sutherland (2003) and Sigut & Pradhan (1995). The Los Alamos theoretical estimates give Ω ∼ 20, while Smith et al (1993) give values of about 10-20 for the collision strength close to 4-5 eV.…”

Canine Silica Urolithiasis in Mexico (2005–2018)

“…It should be noted that the crossbreed dogs do not belong to any particular breed; however, they were within the group of the most frequently affected dogs, which has also been reported in other studies [ 9 , 18 ]. Of the dogs that could be classified by breed size, the large breeds (79.83%) were the most representative and had a significant risk in agreement with other studies [ 4 , 6 , 21 ]. One possible explanation is that large breed dogs consume larger volumes of water and produce a higher urinary volume [ 31 ], which might favor a higher concentration of this mineral in the urine.…”

“…Silica urolithiasis can occur in different breeds. In this study, 33 different breeds were analyzed, and the six most representative breeds were the Labrador, Miniature Schnauzer, Crossbreed, German Shepherd, Golden retriever, and Poodle, which is very similar to data in other reports [ 6 , 16 , 21 ]. Our study demonstrated a significant risk to the Labradors and Golden Retrievers, although other studies have found that the German Shepherd is more at risk [ 18 , 19 ]; however, in our study there was no evidence of predisposition.…”

“…Our observations in the study of a population of dogs with urolithiasis in different geographical areas of Mexico enabled us to detect a higher frequency of silica urolithiasis (9.23–55%) [ 4 , 20 , 21 ] than that described in other international reports [ 6 , 17 ]. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis in the affected population with this pathology and to identify the risk factors involved.…”

“…In the analysis of the epidemiology of urolithiasis in Mexico, we detected a frequency of 12.9% of pure uroliths among the different cases of silica urolithiasis. Other high frequencies have been documented only in the United States 6.7%, Switzerland 8% [ 6 , 9 ], and in localized geographic areas in Mexico 9.2 and 13.3% [ 4 , 21 ]. It was also possible to detect in mixed uroliths and compound uroliths different proportions of silica with mixtures of other minerals such as struvite, calcium oxalate, cystine, and ammonium urate, increasing the frequency of silica-containing uroliths to 17.4% of the population studied.…”