Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

Kumar, Rita N.; Barqawi, Al B.; Crawford, E. David

doi:10.17925/ohr.2005.00.00.1f

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…The prevalence of histological BPH is found in approximately 50-60% of males age 40-50, in over 70% at 60 years old and in greater than 90% of men over 70 [2,3]. In many Western industrialized countries, including North America, PCa is the most frequently diagnosed form of noncutaneous malignancy in males and, except for lung cancer, is the leading cause of death from cancer [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Although the etiology of BPH and PCa is unknown, some electrolytes and trace elements have been highlighted in the literature in relation to the development of these prostate diseases [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ratios of selected chemical element contents in prostatic tissue as markers of malignancy

Zaichick¹,

Zaichick²

2016

Hematol Med Oncol

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The aim of the study was the development of new highly precise testing methods for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. For this purpose, the values of Ca/Al, Ca/B, Ca/Ba, Ca/Mn, Mg/Al, Mg/B, Mg/Ba, Mg/Mn, S/Al, S/B, S/Ba, S/Mn, Zn/Al, Zn/B, Zn/Ba, and Zn/Mn mass fraction ratios in normal (n=37), benign hypertrophic (n=32) and cancerous (n=60) human prostate gland were investigated using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, respectively. Mean values ± standard error of mean (M ± SEM) for mass fraction ratios in the normal tissue were as follows Ca/Al 103 ± 21, Ca/B 4320 ± 805, Ca/Ba 2957 ± 577, Ca/Mn 2061 ± 325, Mg/Al 36.1 ± 4.1, Mg/B 1599 ± 239, Mg/Ba 1086 ± 227, Mg/Mn 776 ± 70, S/Al 319 ± 31, S/B 14749 ± 2166, S/Ba 9640 ± 1968, S/Mn 6991 ± 379, Zn/Al 41.3 ± 9.7, Zn/B 1974 ± 559, Zn/Ba 1003 ± 195, and Zn/Mn 875 ± 214, respectively. It was observed that in benign hypertrophic tissues the Ca/B, Mg/B, and S/B mass fraction ratios are lower than normal levels while the Mg/Al and Mg/Mn ratio are significantly higher. In cancerous tissue the values of all ratios investigated were significantly lower than in normal and benign hypertrophic prostate. It was shown that the Ca/Ba, Ca/Mn, Mg/Al, Mg/Ba, Zn/Al, Zn/B, and Zn/Ba mass fraction ratios are the most informative for a differential diagnosis among all investigated mass fraction ratios. Finally, we propose to use the (Ca/Ba)•(Mg/Al)•(Zn/Mn) and (Ca/Ba)•(Mg/Al)•(S/B)•(Zn/ Mn) multiplications of mass fraction ratios in a needle-biopsy core as the most informative indicators for distinguishing malignant from benign prostate. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of these tests were 100-9%, 100-2%, and 100-2%, respectively. Further studies on larger number of samples are required to confirm our findings, to study the impact of the chemical element contents on prostate cancer etiology and to examine the long-term pathological outcome.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ratios of selected chemical element contents in prostatic tissue as markers of malignancy

Zaichick¹,

Zaichick²

2016

Hematol Med Oncol

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“…In the United States, it is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer, and second to lung cancer as a leading cause of death [2]. Globally, about 9.7% of cancers in men are of the prostate.…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incidence and prevalence of prostate cancer is highest in the United States, Canada and Scandinavia, and lowest in Asian countries [8]. Asians have an incidence rate of 107.2 per 100,000, Hispanics have a slightly higher rate of 127.6 per 100,000, whites have a rate of 172.9 per 100,000 and African-Americans have the highest rate of 275.3 per 100,000-about 60% higher than whites [2,9]. Parker et al [10] reported that in Trinidad and Tobago (a predominantly black populace), the ageadjusted PC death rate per 100,000 of population is as high as 32.9 and that of Japan is as low as 4.0 while other nations lie in between the two.…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa: “smaller twin” of a region’s prostatic diseases?

Ejike

Ezeanyika

2008

Int Urol Nephrol

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Prostate cancer (PC) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) constitute many of the health concerns of males around the world. Prostate cancer is the major cause of death after lung cancer in men. Benign prostate hyperplasia affects most males above 40 years of age. A variety of factors, chiefly age, genetics and lifestyle, have been linked to the development of PC and BPH. The metabolic syndrome describes a chain of chronic disorders that are inter-related in aetiology, and result from unhealthy lifestyles, often due to an affluent economy. The eating of processed foods and a sedentary lifestyle apparently are status symbols among the middle and upper classes in sub-Saharan Africa. These have resulted in a surge in the disease burden of sub-Saharan Africa. This paper looks at the aetiology and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and prostatic diseases, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from the available literature shows that prostate disorders may be related to the metabolic syndrome. There is a likelihood that if sub-Saharan Africans keep copying the lifestyles of the developed world, especially in the direction of the nature of food items consumed, then the rising prevalence of diseases of the metabolic syndrome and the attendant prostate disorders may become very formidable healthcare "twin" problems for the region.

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“…Globally, prostate cancer (PCa) is the sixth most common cancer, and the first most common cancer in males in many industrialized countries of Europe [1][2][3][4][5]. In North America, it is also the most common cancer in males and, except for lung cancer, is the leading cause of death from cancer [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Element Contents in Adenocarcinoma of Human Prostate Investigated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis

Zaichick¹,

Zaichick²

2016

J Adenocarcinoma

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Background: Adenocarcinoma of prostate is an internationally important health problem of the man, particularly in developed countries. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate whether significant changes in the prostatic tissue levels of Zn, as an androgen dependent trace element and Br, Fe, Rb, and Sr, as androgen independent trace elements, exist in the malignantly transformed prostate. Methods and findings:Prostatic tissue levels of Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn as well as ratio of Zn content to other trace element contents were prospectively evaluated in 35 patients with adenocarcinoma and 37 healthy male inhabitants. Measurements were performed using 109 Cd radionuclide-induced energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for trace element analysis. Mean values ± standard error of means (M ± SΕΜ) for mass fraction (mg/kg on dry mass basis) of trace element in the normal tissue was: Br 38.8 ± 5.6, Fe 118 ± 8, Rb 16.3 ± 1.1, Sr 2.5 ± 0.4, and Zn 1154 ± 119, respectively. M ± SΕΜ for ratio of mass fractions were: Zn/Br 38.7 ± 6.4, Zn/Fe 11.2 ± 1.3, Zn/Rb 71.7 ± 9.0 and Zn/Sr 534 ± 83, respectively. The contents of Rb and Zn were significantly lower (approximately 2 and 8 times, respectively) and those of Br and Sr was significantly higher (2.7 and 2.2 times, respectively) in cancerous tissues than in normal tissues. Conclusions:There are great changes in trace element contents and their relationships in the malignantly transformed tissue of prostate.

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Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

Cited by 12 publications

References 50 publications

Ratios of selected chemical element contents in prostatic tissue as markers of malignancy

Ratios of selected chemical element contents in prostatic tissue as markers of malignancy

Metabolic syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa: “smaller twin” of a region’s prostatic diseases?

Trace Element Contents in Adenocarcinoma of Human Prostate Investigated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis

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