Epidemiology of paramphistomosis in sheep and goats in Jammu, India

Abstract

Epidemiology of paramphistomosis in sheep and goats was studied using field and abattoir samples at Jammu, India. Abattoir examination revealed that 36.2 % of sheep and 30.9 % of goats were positive for paramphistomosis. The mean worm counts (±SEM) were 23.5 ± 5.7 in sheep and 19.9 ± 3.5 in goats. On coprological examination, 16.3 % of sheep and 13.6 % of goats were found positive for paramphistomosis. The mean egg counts (±SEM) were 4.4 ± 2.6 in sheep and 3.6 ± 2.1 in goats. Season was found to have a significant (p \ 0.05) influence on the prevalence of paramphistomosis. A higher percentage of animals were found positive in rainy and post-rainy seasons as compared with summer and winter seasons. The distributions of eggs and adult flukes were significantly (p \ 0.01) different among seasons. The prevalences observed according to age and sex of sheep and goats were not significant. The study conclude that the late summer months are major risk period for paramphistomosis in the pasture grazing sheep and goats and the administration of an efficient anthelmintic in May-June and September-October should be strongly recommended to reduce the infection and minimise the perpetuating financial losses to animal owners in the region.

Calicophoron daubneyi in sheep and cattle of Sardinia, Italy

“…In cattle farms, the prevalence of 55.9 % seems to be increasing if compared to the survey carried out in the same region by Scala et al (1997a) 18 years ago, where a prevalence of 19.6 % was found; The values found here are in according to the report of Cringoli et al (2012), (55.7 %), while are lower compared to Spanish (61 %) and Uruguayan (69 %) reports as described by Sanchís et al, (2013). The slaughterhouse's survey revealed a very low prevalence of paramphistomosis in sheep (2 %), similar to fi ndings from Iran (0.041 %) (Tehrani et al, 2015) and Turkey (4.43 %) (Ozdal et al, 2010) but was much lower compared to records from Ethiopia (25 %) (Sissay et al, 2007) and India (36.2 %) (Godara et al, 2014). The lower values obtained from sheep coprological analysis and in slaughterhouse's survey could be probably due to the fact that in this species the infection seems to be less frequent than in cattle (Rojo-Vázquez et al, 2012).…”

“…The lower values obtained from sheep coprological analysis and in slaughterhouse's survey could be probably due to the fact that in this species the infection seems to be less frequent than in cattle (Rojo-Vázquez et al, 2012). Regarding cattle, the 10.9 % prevalence found was slightly lower compared to that found about 20 years ago by Scala et al (1997b), (16.9 %) and also compared to French (20 %) (Szmidt-Adjidé et al, 2000) and Spanish (18.8 %) (González-Warleta et al 2013) reports, while were higher compared to the fi ndings reported in Castilla y León, Spain (6.2 %) by Ferreras et al, (2014): indeed these Spanish regions have a very cold and dry climate that may infl uence the parasite life-cycle. The lower prevalence reported in our study could be related to the climate of the region that could affect the biology of the intermediate hosts, compared to other areas with a more humid environmental conditions.…”

“…In most of cases, adult fl ukes inhabit the rumen and/ or reticulum without damage (Rolfe et al, 1994), while immature fl ukes are found in the upper small intestine where can cause serious morbidity by protein loss, decrease of milk production and weight, oedema and eventually death (Horak, 1971;Rangel-Ruiz et al, 2003, Rolfe et al, 1994. Studies carried out in Europe (Mage et al, 2002;Cringoli et al, 2004 ;Rinaldi et al, 2005;Díaz et al, 2007;Rieu et al, 2007;Foster et al, 2008;Murphy et al, 2008, González-Warleta et al, 2013 have shown an increased prevalence in the last few years. This should probably been caused by the climate changes with warmer winters and wetter summers that positively infl uenced the life-cycle of the parasite (Gordon et al, 2013).…”

Paramphistomosis of Ruminants: An Emerging Parasitic Disease in Europe

“…It is the newly excysted and migratory stages of the parasite that are thought to be responsible for clinical paramphistomosis; a condition regarded as a leading cause of livestock morbidity which results in economic loss in tropical and sub-tropical regions [1,4,8]. Clinical symptoms include lethargy/recumbency, dehydration, severe scour and submandibular oedema, which occur as immature parasites excyst and penetrate the duodenal mucosa causing significant damage to the tissues [9].…”

“…Parasites then excyst in the duodenum of the small intestine(7)where immature flukes feed on sub-mucosa until they are ready to begin their migration to the rumen. In the rumen, mature fluke attach firmly to the rumen wall, or rumen papillae, via their muscular acetabulum, and release eggs into the rumen contents(8).…”