Epidemiology of malaria in the Amazon basin of Ecuador

M, San Sebastián; Játiva, Ruiz; Goicolea, Isabel

doi:10.1590/s1020-49892000000100004

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…A similar situation exists in other Latin American countries, such as Peru, Ecuador and Colombia [ 9 , 16 , 17 ]. In Peru, several regions have reported peri-urban malaria transmission: Iquitos (an Amazonian city) [ 18 ], Sullana and Piura (in the Northwestern Pacific Coast) [ 19 ] and Lima (the capital city) [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Is there malaria transmission in urban settings in Colombia?

Padilla

Chaparro

Molina

et al. 2015

Malar J

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BackgroundColombia contributes a significant proportion of malaria cases in the Americas, which are predominantly rural. However, in the last 8 years ~ 10 % of the endemic municipalities have also reported urban and peri-urban malaria cases, a growing concern for health authorities. This study focused on the characterization of the officially reported urban malaria cases.MethodsA descriptive retrospective study based on secondary information provided by the Colombian National Surveillance System-SIVIGILA for the 2008–2012 period was conducted. A total of 17 municipalities with consistent and persistent reports of urban and peri-urban malaria were selected for analysis, which included site of origin and of residence, age, gender and ethnicity of patients, health system affiliation, Plasmodium species and the presence of malaria vectors.ResultsA total of 18,113 malaria cases were reported from urban and peri-urban areas of 17 endemic municipalities. Almost 70 % of the reports originated in localities in the departments of Chocó and Nariño, located on the Pacific Coast where a predominantly Afro-Colombian population, of individuals of under 30 years of age, was the most affected (80.7 %), mainly with Plasmodium falciparum infections (52.1 %). Median annual parasite index (API) was 6.4 per 1000 inhabitants (3.4 in 2008; 10.8 in 2010 and 6.0 in 2012). Between 2011 and 2012 complicated cases (2.4 %) and malaria in pregnant women (1.4 %) were reported. Study areas reported the presence of at least seven Anopheles species considered malaria vectors. These analyses did not allow ascertaining the presumable origin of the recorded urban cases due to the lack of a consensus on a definition of urban, peri-urban and rural limits and the lack of proper verification of the geographical source of infection.ConclusionsThe study indicates the probable presence of endemic, unstable and low-intensity malaria transmission in Colombian urban and peri-urban areas of a group of municipalities located mainly on the Pacific coast region and a few others in the eastern region. There is a need to unequivocally confirm the urban or peri-urban origin of the malaria cases reported and the transmission conditions, as well as to develop and implement new strategies for urban and peri-urban malaria control and elimination.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Is there malaria transmission in urban settings in Colombia?

Padilla

Chaparro

Molina

et al. 2015

Malar J

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“…Plasmodium vivax remains a public health problem in many parts of the tropical world, including South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, the Western Pacific, Central and South America. [1][2][3][4] With the emergence of P. vivax resistance to current anti-malarial drugs, 5 the development of vaccines are being considered. To achieve this goal, molecules that are involved in blocking erythrocyte invasion play an important role and therefore a better understanding of the molecular interactions between the parasite ligand and the red blood cell (RBC) receptor is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Mapping of the Duffy Binding Protein (DBP) Ligand Domain of Plasmodium vivax from Unstable Malaria Region in the Middle East

Babaeekho

Zakeri

Djadid

2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The region II of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP-II) contains the critical binding residues, which is a major target for development of naturally acquired immunity. Several studies showed sequence polymorphisms in PvDBP-II, which may inhibit antibodies recognition. Therefore, in this study the level of PvDBP-II polymorphism within and among P. vivax populations from re-emerged areas in north and endemic areas in south of Iran were evaluated by sequencing analysis in 75 isolates for the first time. Fourteen non-synonymous and one synonymous mutations were identified and none of the amino acid substitutions were directly involved in erythrocyte binding. Only 6 out of 14 detected mutations have been found among northern isolates, including D384G, R390H, N417K, L424I, W437R, and I503K. In total, two and nine different variants have been identified among northern and southern isolates, respectively. High association of the amino acid frequencies for codons 417, 437, and 503 were found among northern (85% for trio association and 100% for N417K with W437R), and southern (36% for trio association and 98% for N417K with W437R) samples. Polymorphisms at positions R308S, K371E, D384G, K386N, R390H, N417K, L424I, W437R, and I503K were identified from Iran and diverse geographic areas; however, mutation at position F306L was only reported from Asian malaria endemic areas. It is suggested that to develop polyvalent vaccine against P. vivax infection, it is better to incorporate the common and high prevalent allelic variants of the antigen that were reported from different malaria endemic regions.

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“…Persons living in the Oriente have significantly higher risks for disease (Table 1) and approximately thirty percent of reported mortality has no known cause due to the lack of health resources compared to just 10–15% in the Costa and Sierra (INEC, 2001a). Although vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are slightly more common in coastal provinces, several diseases are endemic in the NEA such as leishmaniasis (Calvopina, Armijos, & Hashiguchi, 2004), Chagas disease (Aguilar V, Abad-Franch, Racines V, & Paucar, 1999; Grijalva, Escalante, Paredes, Costales, Padilla, Rowland et al, 2003), and malaria, which was considered eliminated in the 1970s but reemerged partly due to lack of coordination in the design and implementation of effective control strategies (San Sebastian, Jativa, & Goicolea, 2000). As with other regions of Amazonia, chronic malnutrition, stunting and parasitic infection is endemic, particularly among indigenous children (Buitrón, Hurtig, & San Sebastián, 2004; Orr, Dufour, & Patton, 2001; Quizhpe, San Sebastián, Hurtig, & Llamas, 2003; San Sebastián & Santi, 1999), which increases their risks for other diseases.…”

Section: Health In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

Morbidity and mortality disparities among colonist and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Pan

Erlien

Bilsborrow

2010

Social Science & Medicine

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Rural populations living in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA) experience the highest health burden of any region in the country. Two independent studies of colonist and indigenous groups living in the NEA are used to compare their morbidity and mortality experiences. Colonist data are from a probability sample of land plots in 1999, while indigenous data are from a representative sample of the five largest ethnicities (Quichua, Shuar, Huaorani, Cofan, Secoya) collected in 2001. Poisson regression was used to compare morbidity. Results indicate clear differences in health between populations. Indigenous groups had 30% higher probability of mortality and 63% higher incidence rate of all-cause morbidity compared to colonists. Vector-borne, chronic, gastrointestinal, and diseases of unknown origin were particularly high among indigenous groups. Factors associated with morbidity varied: morbidity rates were similar for the two youngest age groups (0–4 and 5–9), but indigenous people aged 15–39 and 40+ had almost double the morbidity compared to colonists; larger households, later months of data collection and less pollution were associated with less morbidity in both groups; better infrastructure access (electricity and roads) was generally associated with lower morbidity in both groups; and associations of land use were different by group with more cultivation of perennials and fewer annuals associated with less morbidity for colonists, but more for indigenous groups. These results demonstrate the health disparities that exist among indigenous and non-indigenous populations even when living in the same geographic region. Land use itself exemplifies the cultural and contextual differences that are evident in health, since land use decisions are related to broader demographic and economic factors that influence overall ecological and human health. Ongoing population-environment and/or environment-health research needs to recognize the broader factors involved when studying relationships between population health, development and deforestation.

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Epidemiology of malaria in the Amazon basin of Ecuador

Abstract: and to determine the extent of seasonality in transmission in the area.To determine malaria incidence, data were collected for that 4-year period from the records of the three malaria-related organizations: the office of the National Center for Malaria Eradication (NCME)

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Is there malaria transmission in urban settings in Colombia?

Is there malaria transmission in urban settings in Colombia?

Genetic Mapping of the Duffy Binding Protein (DBP) Ligand Domain of Plasmodium vivax from Unstable Malaria Region in the Middle East

Morbidity and mortality disparities among colonist and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon

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