Epidemiology of malaria among children aged 1 to 15 years in Southeast Nigeria

Oko, N F; Odikamnoro, O O; Uhuo, C.A.; Okereke, Chinwe; Azi, S O; Ogiji, E D

doi:10.5897/jphe2014.0631

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…2,29 Our finding is similar to the report of Umma et al 30 who reported malaria prevalence of 72.2% among febrile children attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria. However, the malaria prevalence in this study is higher than previous reports from other parts of Nigeria like Ibadan, 31 Borno, 32 Lagos, 33 Anambra, 34,35 Enugun, 36 Ogun, 37 Jos, 38,39 Sokoto 40 and other malaria-endemic countries such as Cameroon, 41,42 Ethiopia, 43,44 Ghana, 45 Malawi 46 and Rwanda. 47 On the other hand, a higher malaria prevalence of 80.5% and 78% were reported among children in Ogun, southwestern Nigeria and Al Sabah, South Sudan, 48,49 respectively.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence, Parasite Density and Determinants of Falciparum Malaria Among Febrile Children in Some Peri-Urban Communities in Southwestern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Awosolu¹,

Yahaya²,

Termizi³

2021

IDR

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Background Malaria remains a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, including Nigeria. This study investigates the prevalence, parasite density and determinants of malaria among symptomatic children in some peri-urban communities in southwestern Nigeria. Methods This was a randomized cross-sectional and hospital-based study. The standard method of microscopy was employed. Thick and thin films were prepared and viewed under a light microscope to identify and quantify malaria parasites. A well-structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain the subject’s information on the demographic, socio-economic and environmental variables. Results A total of 380 (71.7%) participants were infected with Plasmodium falciparum with a mean parasite density of 1857.11 parasite/µL of blood. Malaria prevalence and mean parasite density were significantly higher among male compared to their female counterparts [80.3% vs 61.4% and 2026.46 vs 1619.63 parasite/µL of blood]. Similarly, age group ≤5 years had the highest malaria prevalence (92.2%) and mean parasite density (2031.66 parasite/µL of blood) than other age groups (AOR 2.281, 95% CI: 1.187–4.384, P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis showed that malaria disease is significantly associated with having mother with no formal education (AOR 12.235, 95% CI: 3.253–46.021, P < 0.05), having well and river as a major source of household water supply (AOR 13.810, 95% CI: 3.012–63.314, P < 0.05 vs AOR 5.639, 95% CI: 1.455–21.853, P < 0.05) and presence of stagnant water around home (AOR 5.22, 95% CI: 2.921–9.332, P < 0.05). Furthermore, protective factors observed include ownership of mosquito bed net (AOR 0.474, 95% CI: 0.223–1.008, P < 0.05) and distance of home to hospital (AOR 0.279, 95% CI: 0.158–0.493, P < 0.05). Conclusion Malaria remains a serious public health problem in the study area. Adopting integrated malaria control measures including educating parents on malaria prevention and control strategies, distributing mosquito bed nets, and establishing larvae source management program is highly imperative.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence, Parasite Density and Determinants of Falciparum Malaria Among Febrile Children in Some Peri-Urban Communities in Southwestern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Awosolu¹,

Yahaya²,

Termizi³

2021

IDR

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“…The researchers of this study did not complain of any undue hazard after working with lambdacyhalothrin. This agrees with Rayman (2006) who reported that pyrethroid insecticides are extremely effective insecticide and pose minimal risks to users and also with United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) extension service and National Agricultural pesticide impact Assessment program, which described lambdacyhalothrin as one of the chemically synthesized pesticides which pose no hazard to living organism and their environment and is well tolerated by humans (Okoh et al 2014;WHO 2005a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…It is easily excreted in urine and faeces after accidental oral administration (Djouaka et al 2018). It was well tolerated by humans; when impregnated in curtain, mat and blanket and deployed in living homes for mosquito/malaria control, the inhabitants did not complain of any adverse reaction in the course of using the treated items and manifestations of acute or residual poisoning were not found (Okoh et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lambdacyhalothrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that consists of a mixture of the two most active of the four isomers of cyhalothrin (Moretto 1991). It is a synthetic organic insecticide, which poses no hazard to living organisms and their environment and is well tolerated by humans (WHO 2005a;Okoh et al 2013Okoh et al , 2014. Curtis and Mnzava (2000) reported that both spraying and impregnated netting intervention with lambdacyhalothrin reduced malaria vector and hence malaria incidence by about 60% in Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania.…”

Section: Pyrethroid Insecticides Have Been Widely Used Formentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Miguel and Mazariego (2002) observed 100% effectiveness up to 12 months, after lambdacyhalothrin was sprayed on palm leaves against Rhodnius prolixus in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Above 44.29% reduction in malaria infection and other morbidity indicators such as fever, hospital attendance, health seeking movement and school absenteeism was achieved in children of Oruku, Enugu State, Nigeria with lambdacyhalothrin-treated curtains, mats and blankets (Okoh et al 2013(Okoh et al , 2014.…”

Section: Pyrethroid Insecticides Have Been Widely Used Formentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biochemical effects of lambdacyhalothrin on activities of some detoxifying enzymes of Anopheles gambiae life cycle stages

Okoh¹

2022

TZOOL

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Recent decrease in global malaria burden was achieved through vector control interventions with pyrethroid insecticides. This study was carried out to determine the influence of lambdacyhalothrin on the physiology and activities of some detoxifying enzymes and to establish the systemic effects on Anopheles gambiae. The life cycle stages of the vector were exposed to six different concentrations of lambdacyhalothrin, in an insectary. After the toxicity tests, 325 each, of the dead eggs, larvae and pupae, and 175 of the dead adults from the toxicity test, were carefully selected and further used for enzyme study. Fifty (50) individuals were used for experimental study and 25 as control, for each of egg, larvae and pupae; 25 were used for experimental study and 25 as control for the adult. Each sample was homogenized in 10ml 0.1M phosphate buffer of pH 7.4, filtered and the filtrate used for enzymes study. Determination of the enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was done using standard biochemical methods. The results showed that 97% mortality of the life cycle stages was achieved following exposure to six concentrations of lambdacyhalothrin. Some concentrations (1 and 05µg/l) induced stimulatory effect on the enzyme activities while others (15 and 25µg/l) elicited inhibitory effect and some (10µg/l and 20µg/l) had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the enzyme activities. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was the most active in all the life cycle stages. Nevertheless, in older stages (pupae and adults), AST and ALT activities were significantly (p<0.05) elevated. This suggests that lambdacyhalothrin is promising in providing effective mosquito control. The results also suggest that the enzymes play a part in detoxification of lambdacyhalothrin and hence could be correlated with the pyrethroid tolerance status of A. gambiae.

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Incidence of Plasmodium infections and determinant factors among febrile children in a district of Northwest Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study

Hailu

Alemu

Mulu

et al. 2018

Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines

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BackgroundAccording to the Ethiopian national malaria indicator survey of 2015, the highest burden of Plasmodia infection resided among the school-age children. Even though several studies revealed various determinant factors of childhood malaria, consistent findings are not reported across the nation and elsewhere. This in turn creates obstacles in implementing exactprevention and control measures in the study area in particular and the country at large.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to determine the incidence of Plasmodium and determinant factors among febrile children in Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from April–August 2016. Blood samples were collected from febrile children selected by systematic random sampling. Thin and thick blood films were prepared and stained with Giemsa. Statistical analysis was done via SPSS version 20 statistical software and data were summarized with percentages and frequencies. The bi-variate and multi-variate logistic regressions were used to measure strength of association between Plasmodium infection and determinant factors, and to rule out confounders, respectively.ResultAmong a total of 333 febrile children, 146 (43.8%) were positive for the Plasmodia. The prevalence of plasmodium infection was 47%, 50%, and 40%, among the age groups of 6–8, 9–10 and 11–14 years, respectively. Prevalence of plasmodium among male and female children was 44.2% and 43.5%, respectively. Shorter distance from stagnant water (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) =43, 95% CI (confidence interval):2.8–680.7; P < 0.01), family size (AOR =14.7, 95% CI:(1.4–151.2; P = 0.02), outdoor sleeping (AOR =36.6, 95% CI:2.4–554.2; P < 0.01, irregular bed net use (AOR =21.1, 95% CI:2.9–154.7; P < 0.01), and late bed time (AOR =31.9, 95% CI:2.8–371.3; P < 0.01) showed statistically significant association with plasmodium infection.ConclusionThe incidence of Plasmodium infection is high among febrile children in the study area. Shorter distance from stagnant water, larger family size, outdoor sleeping, irregular bed net use, and late night sleeping are the major determinant factors for the high incidence of malaria. Therefore, community mobilization and health education should focus on the specific determinant factors of plasmodium infection to alleviate incidence of malaria among the school children.

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Epidemiology of malaria among children aged 1 to 15 years in Southeast Nigeria

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Prevalence, Parasite Density and Determinants of Falciparum Malaria Among Febrile Children in Some Peri-Urban Communities in Southwestern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence, Parasite Density and Determinants of Falciparum Malaria Among Febrile Children in Some Peri-Urban Communities in Southwestern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Biochemical effects of lambdacyhalothrin on activities of some detoxifying enzymes of Anopheles gambiae life cycle stages

Incidence of Plasmodium infections and determinant factors among febrile children in a district of Northwest Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study

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