Epidemiology of Leukemia in Childhood

Bhatia, Smita; Robison, Leslie L.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3431-5.00001-7

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 326 publications

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“…Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent leukemia subtype in Mexican children where the B-cell ALL, also known as B-ALL, occurs with frequencies of 76.1-81.4%, followed by the T-cell subtype (12.4-23.6%) (3,15). These immunophenotypes display frequencies of 87 and 13% in the Hispanic population, and 85 and 15% worldwide, respectively (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Additionally, the prevalence of the most common gene rearrangements in Mexican population is as follows: ETV6-RUNX1 (7.4-13.5%), TCF3-PBX1 (7.1-11.5%), BCR-ABL1 (1.8-2.7%), and MLL rearrangements (1.4-8.7%) (24-26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistently high incidence rates of childhood acute leukemias from 2010 to 2017 in Mexico City: A population study from the MIGICCL

Flores-Lujano

Duarte-Rodríguez

Jiménez‐Hernández

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionOver the years, the Hispanic population living in the United States has consistently shown high incidence rates of childhood acute leukemias (AL). Similarly, high AL incidence was previously observed in Mexico City (MC). Here, we estimated the AL incidence rates among children under 15 years of age in MC during the period 2010–2017.MethodsThe Mexican Interinstitutional Group for the Identification of the Causes of Childhood Leukemia conducted a study gathering clinical and epidemiological information regarding children newly diagnosed with AL at public health institutions of MC. Crude age incidence rates (cAIR) were obtained. Age-standardized incidence rates worldwide (ASIRw) and by municipalities (ASIRm) were calculated by the direct and indirect methods, respectively. These were reported per million population <15 years of age; stratified by age group, sex, AL subtypes, immunophenotype and gene rearrangements.ResultsA total of 903 AL cases were registered. The ASIRw was 63.3 (cases per million) for AL, 53.1 for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 9.4 for acute myeloblastic leukemia. The highest cAIR for AL was observed in the age group between 1 and 4 years (male: 102.34 and female: 82.73). By immunophenotype, the ASIRw was 47.3 for B-cell and 3.7 for T-cell. The incidence did not show any significant trends during the study period. The ASIRm for ALL were 68.6, 66.6 and 62.8 at Iztacalco, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, respectively, whereas, other municipalities exhibited null values mainly for AML.ConclusionThe ASIRw for childhood AL in MC is among the highest reported worldwide. We observed spatial heterogeneity of rates by municipalities. The elevated AL incidence observed in Mexican children may be explained by a combination of genetic background and exposure to environmental risk factors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistently high incidence rates of childhood acute leukemias from 2010 to 2017 in Mexico City: A population study from the MIGICCL

Flores-Lujano

Duarte-Rodríguez

Jiménez‐Hernández

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…In most developing or less affluent countries the rate of childhood leukemia seems to be several-fold lower. 19 Despite some reports of ethnic and geographical variation, most types of pediatric tumors occur with similar worldwide prevalence. A general and accepted explanation of this observation is that they are not likely to be caused by environmental factors.…”

Section: Epidemiology Meets Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

What is a pediatric tumor?

Mora

2012

COAYA

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Working together with medical oncologists, the question of whether a Ewing sarcoma in a 25-year-old is a pediatric tumor comes up repeatedly. Like Ewing's, some tumors present characteristically at ages that cross over what has been set as the definition of pediatrics (15 years, 18 years, or 21 years?). Pediatric oncology textbooks, surprisingly, do not address the subject of defining a pediatric tumor. They all begin with an epidemiology chapter defining the types of tumors appearing at distinct stages of childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Describing the epidemiology of tumors in relation to age, it becomes clear that the disease is related to the phenomenon of aging. The question, however, remains: is there a biological definition of what pediatric age is? And if so, will tumors occurring during this period of life have anything to do with such biological definition? With the aim of finding an objective definition, the fundamental concepts of what defines "pediatrics" was reviewed and then the major features of tumors arising during development were analyzed. The tumors were explored from the perspective of a host immersed in the normal process of growth and development. This physiological process, from pluripotential and undifferentiated cells, makes possible the differentiation, maturation, organization, and function of tissues, organs, and apparatus. A biological definition of pediatric tumors and the infancy-childhood-puberty classification of developmental tumors according to the infancy-childhood-puberty model of normal human development are proposed.

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“…Approximately 240,000 new acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases are annually identified in children (1). This kind of leukemia is caused by the excessive growth of immature lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Methotrexate Toxicity and Its Association with ABCB1 Genetic Polymorphism in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

et al. 2021

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Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is among the most prevalent type of hematologic malignancy in children. The Children’s Oncology Group protocol recognizes methotrexate (MTX) as a therapy for this problem in children, despite its several complications. The relationship between MTX toxicity and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) SNPs in ALL children patients has been investigated in many studies. Objectives: Regarding the controversial findings reported by these studies, the present work aims to evaluate Methotrexate toxicity and its association with ABCB1 Genetic Polymorphism in ALL pediatric patients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from pediatric ALL patients. Next, DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using 300 μMol/μL of direct primers in 50 µL as the ultimate volume. ABCB1 gene was amplified using the PCR technique, and 0.5% agarose gel electrophoresis was used to identify reaction products. Afterward, the PCR fragments’ length was proved by observing through UV-transilluminator. Finally, liver and blood toxicity was studied in all cases under treatment with MTX. Results: In the present study, 81 children with ALL (36 females and 45 males) with a mean age of 6.32 ± 3.08 years old were examined. The ABCB1 1199 G->A gene mutation frequency and the ABCB1 3435 C->T gene mutation frequency was 4.9 and 70.4%, respectively. The results showed no statistically significant difference between leukopenia, gastrointestinal toxicity, renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia in cases having homozygous heterozygous ABCB1 3435 C->T and ABCB1 1199 G->A mutant polymorphisms than those having ordinary polymorphism. Conclusions: Overall, it seems that C3435 T, G1199A, and ABCB1 are not significant MTX toxicity markers in pediatric ALL cases.

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Epidemiology of Leukemia in Childhood

Cited by 7 publications

References 326 publications

Persistently high incidence rates of childhood acute leukemias from 2010 to 2017 in Mexico City: A population study from the MIGICCL

Persistently high incidence rates of childhood acute leukemias from 2010 to 2017 in Mexico City: A population study from the MIGICCL

What is a pediatric tumor?

Evaluating Methotrexate Toxicity and Its Association with ABCB1 Genetic Polymorphism in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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