Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea, 2007–2010

Lee, Dong Woo; Choe, Young June; Kim, Jong Hee; Song, Kyung Min; Cho, Heeyeon; Bae, Geun Ryang; Lee, Jong Koo

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.02.006

Cited by 54 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The odds ratio (OR) for cohort 1976–1980 compared to 1981–1986 (the reference) was 0.56; that is, the cohort 1976–1980 has approximately half odds of being positive than those of the cohort 1981–1986.The waning immunity phenomenon was less clear for the 1970–1975 and 1963–1969 cohorts, who received two or three doses (over 20 years since the last booster dose), because the positive rates were 54% for both cohorts. By contrast, among the people who were not vaccinated, the high seropositive rate of JE-neutralizing antibodies in the cohort born before 1952 was likely caused by a high frequency of early natural infection, as well as accumulated exposure, which induces a stronger immunological memory response than does vaccination [17], [18], [20], [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the introduction of the JE vaccination policy across Taiwan, JE cases shifted from children to adults [13], and this pattern has also been observed in neighboring countries such as Japan and South Korea [11], [17], [18]. Several studies on the seroprevalence of JE were conducted in Taiwan in the 1990s; however, these studies were confined to small local areas, and their definition of seropositivity of antibodies was inconsistent [19]–[21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan—A Population-Based Study

et al. 2014

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BackgroundA mass Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination program targeting children was launched in Taiwan in 1968, and the number of pediatric JE cases substantially decreased thereafter. The aim of this study was to elucidate the long-term trend of JE incidence, and to investigate the age-specific seroprevalence of JE-neutralizing antibodies.Methodology/Principal FindingsA total of 2,948 laboratory-confirmed JE cases that occurred between 1966 and 2012 were analyzed using a mandatory notification system managed by the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan. A total of 6,594 randomly-sampled serum specimens obtained in a nationwide population-based survey in 2002 were analyzed to estimate the seroprevalence of JE-neutralizing antibodies in the general population. The average annual JE incidence rate of the group aged 30 years and older was 0.167 cases per 100,000 people between 2001 and 2012, which was higher than the 0.052 cases per 100,000 people among those aged under 30 years. These seroepidemiological findings indicate that the cohort born between 1963 and 1975, who generally received two or three doses of the vaccine and were administered the last booster dose more than 20 years ago, exhibited the lowest positive rate of JE-neutralizing antibodies (54%). The highest and second highest antibody rates were observed, respectively, in the oldest unvaccinated cohort (86%) and in the youngest cohort born between 1981 and 1986, who received four doses 10–15 years ago (74%).Conclusion/SignificanceOver the past decade, the main age group of the confirmed JE cases in Taiwan shifted from young children to adults over 30 years of age. People who were born between 1963 and 1975 exhibited the lowest seroprevalence of JE-neutralizing antibodies. Thus, the key issue for JE control in Taiwan is to reduce adult JE cases through a cost-effective analysis of various immunization strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan—A Population-Based Study

et al. 2014

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“…The improved vaccine was introduced into the routine immunization program in Japan in 1967, when > 1000 cases per year occurred, and the number of reported cases has since decreased markedly, with < 10 cases reported annually since 1992 [78]. Similar trends have been observed in China [79], Korea [80,81], Malaysia [82], Nepal [83], Sri Lanka [84], Taiwan [85], Thailand [86,87] and Vietnam [88]. These observations clearly indicate that JE is a vaccinepreventable infectious disease.…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 84%

Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges

Ishikawa

Konishi

2015

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets

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Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.

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“…17 In Korea, 86.7% of the confirmed cases were in adults older than 40 years. 18 However, we performed a more detailed analysis here on the incidence rates of JE in the four regions of Taiwan and found that incidence rates were variable in the different regions ( Figure 2C), which resulted in providing us more information about the risk of JE infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Features of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014

Chang¹,

Chang²,

Wu³

et al. 2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) decreased sharply after the national vaccination program was implemented in Taiwan in 1968. However, cases of JE still occur. The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology and vaccination policy for JE in Taiwan. We analyzed the data on JE cases reported to the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC) between 2000 and 2014. During the 15-year study period, a total of 4,474 cases were reported to the Taiwan CDC. Of these, 379 (8.5%) were classified as confirmed cases, and 4,095 (91.5%) were classified as suspected cases. The incidence of JE ranged from 0.59 to 1.61 per 1,000,000 people and peaked in 2007. Men had a higher incidence of JE than women (1.37 versus 0.84 per 1,000,000; P = 0.03). Patients who were 40-59 years of age had a higher incidence than did patients younger than 20 years (1.82 versus 0.23; P < 0.001). Patients who lived in the eastern region of Taiwan had the highest incidence rate of JE (P < 0.001). Compared with those who were not vaccinated with the JE vaccine, patients who received four doses of JE vaccine had a lower risk of suffering from death and/or hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio: 0.26; 95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.90; P = 0.04). JE is still a public health problem in Taiwan, and monitoring JE via diagnostic testing to determine the best vaccination program along with enforcing JE vaccine boosters for adults is necessary to eliminate JE in Taiwan.

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Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea, 2007–2010

Abstract: Although JE has traditionally been regarded as a children's disease, the majority of cases now occur in adults in countries where strong immunization programs exist, such as in South Korea. Consideration should be given to an adult vaccination policy in the near future.

Cited by 54 publications

References 15 publications

The Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan—A Population-Based Study

The Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan—A Population-Based Study

Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges

Epidemiological Features of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014

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