Epidemiology of influenza‐associated encephalitis‐encephalopathy in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan

Togashi, Takehiro; Matsuzono, Yoshihiro; Narita, Mitsuo

doi:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2000.01202.x

Cited by 71 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Bars at the junction of the mask and the tube were designed to prevent the epiglottis from occluding the airway, 2 but may obstruct the passage of the tracheal tube. 3 After approval of Ethics Committee, we evaluated the effect of the absence of the bars on the positioning of the LMA-Classic and its effect on the clinical management of the airway in adults. The manufacturer's instructions regarding the size of the LMA were followed.…”

Section: Is There a Need For The Epiglottic Bars In The Laryngeal Masmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mortality is as high as 26.7-43.8% 3,4 and, even in survivors, the incidence of neurological sequelae is 20.3-25.8%. 3,4 Although ways of preventing EI-induced death and sequelae are urgently needed, reliable methods do not yet exist. Using hypothermia against EI is a possible approach and its effectiveness is currently being evaluated in Japan.…”

Section: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (Hbot) In a Child With Suspected Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is there a need for the epiglottic bars in the laryngeal mask airway?

Al-Shaikh¹,

Pilcher²

2003

Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth

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Section: Is There a Need For The Epiglottic Bars In The Laryngeal Masmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (Hbot) In a Child With Suspected Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a need for the epiglottic bars in the laryngeal mask airway?

Al-Shaikh¹,

Pilcher²

2003

Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth

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“…EI is a severe condition which can result in serious brain damage and cause rapid death within a few days. Mortality is as high as 26.7-43.8% 3,4 and, even in survivors, the incidence of neurological sequelae is 20.3-25.8%. 3,4 Although ways of preventing EI-induced death and sequelae are urgently needed, reliable methods do not yet exist.…”

Section: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (Hbot) In a Child With Suspected Imentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in a child with suspected influenza-associated encephalopathy

Dohgomori¹,

Arikawa²,

Kanmura³

2003

Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth

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A three-year-old girl felt feverish, and the next day became comatose with convulsions. A computed tomography scan revealed diffuse cerebral edema. Encephalopathy associated with influenza (EI) was suspected. On day two she was transferred to the intensive care unit where she underwent hypothermia therapy under artificial ventilation. On day eight, influenza-A-positive antigen was identified in her nasal discharge. She recovered from her critical state and was extubated. However, her consciousness remained disturbed with no signs of recovery over the next six days. In Japan, hypoxic encephalopathy is one of the indications for HBOT. She had status epilepticus, which might also be suggestive of brain hypoxia. With this in mind, we decided that HBOT was a treatment option. After obtaining informed consent from her parents, HBOT (one session per day) was started on day 14. After the second HBOT session, she made eye contact and said one word. Six HBOT sessions were performed in total, and the patient was discharged home on day 34 with no sign of brain dysfunction. No factor other than HBOT readily explained the dramatic recovery, a situation analogous to that described in a previous study. 1 For some years, HBOT has been used for the treatment of coma due to post-anoxic encephalopathy, 2 and the active use of HBOT for global cerebral ischemia and coma has also been stressed. However, the benefit of HBOT for coma associated with EI remains unclear. EI is a severe condition which can result in serious brain damage and cause rapid death within a few days. Mortality is as high as 26.7-43.8% 3,4 and, even in survivors, the incidence of neurological sequelae is 20.3-25.8%. 3,4 Although ways of preventing EI-induced death and sequelae are urgently needed, reliable methods do not yet exist. Using hypothermia against EI is a possible approach and its effectiveness is currently being evaluated in Japan. Actually, HBOT is not considered an appropriate indication for patients with closed head injury (CHI). 5 However, since no standard therapy exists for EI-associated coma, and since EI is in some respects different from CHI, we suggest that HBOT may be of use to treat a coma that persists after initial therapy in the intensive care. Even delayed HBOT appears to be worthy of consideration.

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“…Only a few cases have been reported outside of Japan. Togashi et al (60) ascribe influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy to an increase in the occurrence of influenza virus A in Japan as a whole since 1994-1998. CSF pleocytosis was described in limited cases.…”

Section: Influenza-associated Encephalitis /Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Viral Encephalitis: The Recent Progress.

et al. 2002

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In the new Japanese control law for infectious diseases, most varieties of acute viral encephalitis belong to Category IV requiring report of all cases at sentinel hospitals. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis comprises the majority of cases. With the increased prevalence of diagnostic procedures such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), several forms of HSV-1,and -2 central nervous system (CNS) infections, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, brainstem encephalitis, and myelitis, have been clarified. Since 1990 we have conducted a survey of HSVCNSinfections in the Kyushu and Okinawa regions, and the data are reviewed here. Trends include an increase in a new subtype of non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis.In contrast, the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Japan has dramatically decreased to a few patients per year; however, JE remains a threat for those with decreased or absent immunity to the JE virus. Imported emerging and reemerging CNSinfections such as Murray Valley and West Nile encephalitis can occur in Japan. Influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy is also described as a threat for adults as well as young children. (Internal Medicine 41: 420-428, 2002)

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Epidemiology of influenza‐associated encephalitis‐encephalopathy in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan

Abstract: It appears urgent to promote vaccination against influenza in young children to prevent these devastating disease conditions.

Cited by 71 publications

References 15 publications

Is there a need for the epiglottic bars in the laryngeal mask airway?

Is there a need for the epiglottic bars in the laryngeal mask airway?

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in a child with suspected influenza-associated encephalopathy

Acute Viral Encephalitis: The Recent Progress.

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