Epidemiology ofMycobacterium Bovis

Abstract

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes in a population of dogs with negative-pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) and to identify the main causes of the disease. To evaluate any associations with morbidity and mortality.Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Three university teaching hospitals and two private referral centers.Animals: Thirty-five client-owned dogs presented with NPPE. Interventions: NoneMeasurements and Main Results: Data collected included patient characteristics, clinical history, clinicopathological abnormalities, radiographic features, treatments and outcome. Median age was 4 months (range 2-90) and median weight was 7.1 kg (range 1.7-37.2). There were many causes of NPPE including leash tugs, near hanging, accidental choking, anatomical obstruction to airflow and purposeful airway obstruction by people. The most common cause of NPPE was accidental choking (40% of cases). Dogs with an anatomical obstruction were older than 24 months. Hypoxemia with an increased alveolar-arterial gradient was common on presentation. The majority of thoracic radiographs (65.7%) showed an alveolar or interstitial pattern in the caudodorsal area as previously described in the literature. Oxygen therapy was administered to 33 (94.3%) dogs. Furosemide was administered to 18 (51.4%) dogs. Median length of hospitalization was 2 days (range 0-14). Twenty-eight (80%) dogs survived to discharge. Seven dogs were mechanically ventilated and only 2 of them (28.6%) 2 survived to discharge. Requirement for mechanical ventilation (p<0.001) was the only parameter associated with mortality.Conclusions: Most cases of NPPE occur in juvenile dogs. Different incidents associated with upper airway obstruction can produce an episode of NPPE.Choking on food or toys and near hanging have not been previously described in the veterinary literature as inciting causes of NPPE. The overall prognosis is good.

Characteristics of white-tailed deer visits to cattle farms: implications for disease transmission at the wildlife–livestock interface

“…Bovine tuberculosis infection typically occurs through inhalation of aerosolized bacilli or by direct nose-to-nose contact between animals, but the precise route of bTB transmission between deer and cattle is poorly understood (Cosivi et al 1998;Kaneene and Pfeiffer 2006). Studies by Palmer et al (2004), suggest indirect contact resulting from shared feed is a likely mechanism for intraspecific transmission between deer and interspecific transmission between deer and cattle.…”

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon based on the detection of lesions in slaughtered cattle and tuberculin skin tests of live cattle

“…M. bovis is virulent for cattle but can infect other animals and humans causing disease and pathology similar to M. tuberculosis, which is naturally pathogenic for man (Biet et al 2005; Kaneene and Pfeiffer 2006;Thoen et al 2006). The prevalence of human TB in the Central African sub-region is high and increasing rapidly with the spread of the HIV/AID infection (WHO 2009(WHO , 2010.…”

Evaluación del conocimiento de los ganaderos sobre la tuberculosis bovina e implicaciones para su control

“…Thus, 77.9 % of respondents answered cattle-to-cattle transmission and the 76.1 % of respondent recognized the aerogenic as the main route of transmission that affects the lungs primarily (15) .…”

“…Así, 77.9 % de los ganaderos reconoce la trasmisión directa de bovino a bovino, siendo que el 76.1 % de los mismos sabe que la infección por vía aerógena, afecta principalmente la parte pulmonar (15) .…”