Epidemiology of Human<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>Disease, California, USA, 2003–2011

Gallivan, Mark; Shah, Neha; Flood, Jennifer

doi:10.3201/eid2103.141539

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…For instance, milk-borne transmission of TB by M. bovis was common in the prepasteurization era. Currently, 1 to 2% of TB cases in the United States and in Europe are attributable to M. bovis infection (3,4). Mycobacterium caprae is another MTBC species capable of causing TB in humans as a result of transmission from livestock.…”

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confidence: 99%

Methodological and Clinical Aspects of the Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYMolecular typing has revolutionized epidemiological studies of infectious diseases, including those of a mycobacterial etiology. With the advent of fingerprinting techniques, many traditional concepts regarding transmission, infectivity, or pathogenicity of mycobacterial bacilli have been revisited, and their conventional interpretations have been challenged. Since the mid-1990s, when the first typing methods were introduced, a plethora of other modalities have been proposed. So-called molecular epidemiology has become an essential subdiscipline of modern mycobacteriology. It serves as a resource for understanding the key issues in the epidemiology of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases. Among these issues are disclosing sources of infection, quantifying recent transmission, identifying transmission links, discerning reinfection from relapse, tracking the geographic distribution and clonal expansion of specific strains, and exploring the genetic mechanisms underlying specific phenotypic traits, including virulence, organ tropism, transmissibility, or drug resistance. Since genotyping continues to unravel the biology of mycobacteria, it offers enormous promise in the fight against and prevention of the diseases caused by these pathogens. In this review, molecular typing methods forMycobacterium tuberculosisand nontuberculous mycobacteria elaborated over the last 2 decades are summarized. The relevance of these methods to the epidemiological investigation, diagnosis, evolution, and control of mycobacterial diseases is discussed.

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confidence: 99%

Methodological and Clinical Aspects of the Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria

et al. 2016

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“…However, we did not identify an association between HIV coinfection and M. bovis disease, even after stratification by CD4+ counts. Similar studies from non-endemic regions have reported contradictory results or borderline associations with HIV [10, 11, 15]. This finding suggests that, in a high M. bovis -burden country, the risk of TB caused by either species is similar among people living with HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Recent reports underscore the importance of understanding the epidemiology of M. bovis disease [11, 12]. Younger age, HIV coinfection, and other immunosuppressive conditions are some of the described associated factors [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Younger age, HIV coinfection, and other immunosuppressive conditions are some of the described associated factors [11]. Of note, a connection with Mexico (in the form of country of birth, contact with family members, or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products) has been the most frequently reported risk factor in research conducted in the United States [6, 10, 11, 13–15]. In this context, the aim of this study was to describe the sociodemographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics, and to determine the factors associated with M. bovis disease as compared with M. tuberculosis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis: a retrospective comparison with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Mexican tertiary care centre, 2000–2015

et al. 2016

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BackgroundHuman tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is believed to be frequent in developing countries. Transmission is usually through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products, although airborne contagion is possible. Disease caused by M. tuberculosis or M. bovis is clinically indistinguishable from each other. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with M. bovis disease.MethodsRetrospective analysis of all culture-positive cases of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis from 2000 to 2015, in a Mexican tertiary-care centre. Sociodemographic, clinical, and radiographic data from medical records were compared. Disease site was classified as pulmonary, extrapulmonary, or pulmonary and extrapulmonary, based on cultures.ResultsWe evaluated 533 cases, 372 (69.7 %) of which were caused by M. tuberculosis and 161 (30.2 %) by M. bovis. Characteristics associated with M. bovis disease were: younger age (aOR 0.97, 95 % CI 0.95–0.98), glucocorticoid use (aOR 2.27, 95 % CI 1.42–3.63), and extrapulmonary disease (aOR 1.80, 95 % CI 1.21–2.69). M. tuberculosis was associated with lower socioeconomic status (aOR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.28–0.97). When we analysed only pulmonary cases, younger age (aOR 0.97, 95 % CI 0.96–0.99), glucocorticoid use (aOR 2.41, 95 % CI 1.30–4.46), and smoking (aOR 1.94, CI 95 % 1.15–3.27) were associated with M. bovis. Both groups showed similar proportions of direct microscopy smear results (respiratory samples) and chest X-ray cavitations.ConclusionsYounger age, glucocorticoid use, and extrapulmonary disease were associated with M. bovis as the causative agent of tuberculosis in a group of patients from a tertiary care centre in a country where bovine tuberculosis is endemic. Further studies must be conducted in the general population to determine pathogen-specific associated factors and outcomes.

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“…24 More than 20% of our cases had some form of drug resistance, highlighting the importance of using molecular assays to detect drug resistance quickly. A recent study in California from 2004 to 2011 25 found that the prevalence of PZA monoresistance was 22.0% of all pediatric (aged ,15 years) TB cases and that PZA monoresistant case patients were more likely to be Hispanic and USborn and have extrapulmonary disease. They also found that PZA monoresistance likely indicates M bovis disease (96% positive predictive value for M bovis in Hispanic persons).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Central Nervous System Tuberculosis

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology and factors associated with pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) in California from 1993 to 2011. METHODS:We analyzed California TB registry data for persons aged #18 years, comparing CNS TB cases versus non-CNS TB cases reported from 1993 to 2011. Factors associated with CNS TB and TB deaths were identified by using multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS: A total of 200 CNS TB cases were reported. Compared with non-CNS TB case patients, CNS TB case patients were more likely to be aged ,5 years (72.0% vs 43.6%; odds ratio [OR] CONCLUSIONS: Subsets of children are at increased risk for CNS TB in California and may benefit from additional prevention efforts. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis has high morbidity and mortality, and it frequently affects children aged ,5 years. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:In California, children who were US-born, Hispanic, and aged ,5 years were at increased risk of CNS tuberculosis. Children with CNS tuberculosis were more likely to die. Specific populations of US-born infants might benefit from additional prevention measures. Dr Duque-Silva was involved in research design, performed the data analysis and interpretation, and drafted and revised the manuscript; Ms Robsky was involved in research design and assisted with data analysis and interpretation; and Dr Flood assisted in research design and data interpretation, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. Dr Barry conceptualized the study; supervised the research design, data analysis, and interpretation; and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. 2,3 It is most commonly diagnosed in children aged ,5 years and may affect the same groups at high risk for pediatric TB in the United States such as immigrants, racial and ethnic minorities, and children who traveled to a country with high prevalence of TB or who had contact with a household visitor from a high-prevalence country. [4][5][6] In children, CNS TB is often the result of recently acquired infection after close contact with an infectious TB case in an adult. Risk of dissemination to the CNS after TB exposure is influenced by age and immune status, 7 including BCG vaccination. In most countries outside the United States, BCG vaccination is recommended in early childhood to decrease the risk of disseminated forms of TB such as miliary and CNS TB in children. 8 BCG vaccination has not routinely been used in the United States. 9 California is the state that reports the most pediatric TB cases 10 and has the largest foreign-born population in the United States. 11 It is therefore an excellent population in which to examine the epidemiology of pediatric CNS TB. To inform ongoing CNS TB prevention activities, our goal was to describe the epidemiology of pediatric CNS TB in California from 1993 to 2011 and to identify factors associated with the development of pediatric CNS TB as well as factors associated with pedia...

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Epidemiology of HumanMycobacterium bovisDisease, California, USA, 2003–2011

Abstract: Disease was associated with the Hispanic binational population and immunosuppressive conditions, including diabetes.

Cited by 44 publications

References 23 publications

Methodological and Clinical Aspects of the Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria

Methodological and Clinical Aspects of the Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria

Human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis: a retrospective comparison with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Mexican tertiary care centre, 2000–2015

Risk Factors for Central Nervous System Tuberculosis

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