Epidemiology of HIV infection in children in Europe

Canosa, C. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13325.x

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The HIV-1 seroprevalence data presented here are also consistent with the fact that, except for Rumania, Spain has the highest rate of any European country (2). Moreover, the relatively stable year-to-year prevalence is consistent with the virus having entered the study population in earlier years-and, possibly, that there are offsetting trends resulting from increased numbers of newly infected mothers while live births become fewer among those already known to be infected.…”

Section: Hiv-i Reactivitysupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Since being introduced in 1986 (4, 7) it has been adopted widely in the USA (8,9) and has been used in the UK (10,11). The present study in Spain provides data to complement the surveillance of pediatric AIDS in the regions studied (1,2). Also, reasonable extrapolations would support evidence of even higher seropositivity rates in the large Spanish cities (12) that did not participate.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…The present study departs from the more common approach to anonymous seroprevalence studies in continental Europe, i.e. in the prenatal clinic or among mothers at term (2,(13)(14)(15). The distinction between prenatal and newborn studies is largely moot because both methods are measuring maternal antibody.…”

Section: Hiv-i Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anonymous testing of newborn infants for HIV antibodies as a basis for estimating prevalence of HIV in childbearing women: the 1991–1994 study in Spain

Ca¹,

Cabello³

et al. 1997

Acta Paediatrica

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During 1991–1994, anonymous screening of newborn infants for maternal antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was carried out in three regions of Spain: Valencia, Galicia and Sevilla. The newborn infants whose heel‐stick blood eluates were satisfactory for HIV antibody tests were a consecutive series of 104 876, representing 99.3% of all newborn infants undergoing routine metabolic screening and estimated as comprising at least 98% of all births in the three regions. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) positives were confirmed by immunoblot, yielding 246 confirmations: a rate of 2.3 per 1000. Seropositivity rates ranged from 1.4 per 1000 in Galicia to 2.1 in Sevilla and 3.1 in Valencia, and remained relatively stable in each region during the years of the study. Within socioeconomically defined subgroups of birth hospitals in Valencia and Galicia, all subgroups contained seropositives, even though there was a twofold to fivefold over‐representation in the “inner city” public hospitals. To estimate the proportion of HIV‐1‐seropositive newborn infants who were positive for HIV‐1 DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed on 165 dried blood spots that had been retained following positive immunoblot assays. Fifteen (9%) were PCR positive, and when this proportion is adjusted for the age‐specific sensitivity of the method, it translates into an estimated HIV‐1 transmission rate of 24% (range 18–36%). For 94 906 of the 104 876 newborn infants screened, the EIA used could detect antibodies that react with epitopes of HIV‐1 and HIV‐2. There were 30 newborn infants whose blood eluate was positive by this combined HIV‐1/HIV‐2 antibody screen and whose secondary screening with monovalent HIV‐2 and HIV‐1 EIA indicated that the HIV‐2 reactivity was above the cut‐off whereas the HIV‐1 was not. Ranking these 30 results according to absolute HIV‐2 reactivity and relative reactivity with respect to HIV‐1 indicated that four infants were probable true HIV‐2 seropositives and a total of 12 were possible HIV‐2 seropositives, a prevalence of the order of 1:10000 to 1:20000 newborn infants. These anonymous population‐based serological studies provide “leading‐indicator” data to complement traditional AIDS surveillance for epidemiological and planning purposes.

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Section: Hiv-i Reactivitysupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

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Anonymous testing of newborn infants for HIV antibodies as a basis for estimating prevalence of HIV in childbearing women: the 1991–1994 study in Spain

Ca¹,

Cabello³

et al. 1997

Acta Paediatrica

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“…In many European countries, despite increasing efforts to arrest and combat the pandemic, inconsistency of reporting, negative social impact and discrimination and limited access to health systems are seriously hampering efforts to control HIV infection 3 . This study describes the cohort of HIV-infected children in Ireland; their demographic characteristics, social background, risk factors for transmission, reason for and age at diagnosis and current status and treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paediatric HIV infection in the Republic of Ireland and the need for antenatal screening

Nourse

Hayes²,

Travers³

et al. 1998

Int J STD AIDS

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Thirty-seven HIV-infected children have been identified in the Republic of Ireland since 1985. Only 12 (32%) of 37 were followed prospectively from birth. Median age at diagnosis was 18 months (4 weeks to 8 years). In 32 (86%) of 37 cases, HIV infection was acquired as a result of transmission from mother to infant with intravenous drug use (IVDU) the most frequent risk factor for maternal acquisition of HIV. Of these 32 children, median maternal age at delivery was 24 (interquartile range (IQR) 23-26) years with median gestation at delivery 40 (IQR 38-40) weeks. Mode of delivery was by vaginal delivery in all 29 (91%) cases where mode of delivery is known. Only 2 infants were breastfed. Seven children have died at a median age of 9 (0.8-9.6) years. As of July 1997, 12 children have AIDS, 14 have symptomatic disease without AIDS and 3 are asymptomatic. Median age at AIDS diagnosis was 2.6 (0.1-6.5) years. Median survival time post-AIDS diagnosis was 6.5 (1.8-8.3) years. Of 29 living children, 24 mothers and 14 fathers are HIV infected and only 14 children live with both parents. Childhood HIV infection has had a significant personal, social and financial impact on both Irish families and society in general. More effective measures to control HIV infection among intravenous drug users are needed. Antenatal detection of HIV-infected mothers is paramount as vertical transmission can be successfully prevented and morbidity and death can be prevented in the infected infant.

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Epidemiology of HIV infection in children in Europe

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Anonymous testing of newborn infants for HIV antibodies as a basis for estimating prevalence of HIV in childbearing women: the 1991–1994 study in Spain

Anonymous testing of newborn infants for HIV antibodies as a basis for estimating prevalence of HIV in childbearing women: the 1991–1994 study in Spain

Paediatric HIV infection in the Republic of Ireland and the need for antenatal screening

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